%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%BoundingBox: (atend)
%%Pages: (atend)
%%PageOrder: (atend)
%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
%%Creator: Frame 4.0
%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit
%%EndComments
%%BeginProlog
%
% Frame ps_prolog 4.0, for use with Frame 4.0 products
% This ps_prolog file is Copyright (c) 1986-1993 Frame Technology
% Corporation. All rights reserved. This ps_prolog file may be
% freely copied and distributed in conjunction with documents created
% using FrameMaker, FrameBuilder and FrameViewer as long as this
% copyright notice is preserved.
%
% Frame products normally print colors as their true color on a color printer
% or as shades of gray, based on luminance, on a black-and white printer. The
% following flag, if set to True, forces all non-white colors to print as pure
% black. This has no effect on bitmap images.
/FMPrintAllColorsAsBlack false def
%
% Frame products can either set their own line screens or use a printer's
% default settings. Three flags below control this separately for no
% separations, spot separations and process separations. If a flag
% is true, then the default printer settings will not be changed. If it is
% false, Frame products will use their own settings from a table based on
% the printer's resolution.
/FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen true def
/FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen true def
/FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen false def
%
% For any given PostScript printer resolution, Frame products have two sets of
% screen angles and frequencies for printing process separations, which are
% recomended by Adobe. The following variable chooses the higher frequencies
% when set to true or the lower frequencies when set to false. This is only
% effective if the appropriate FMUseDefault...SeparationScreen flag is false.
/FMUseHighFrequencyScreens true def
%
% PostScript Level 2 printers contain an "Accurate Screens" feature which can
% improve process separation rendering at the expense of compute time. This
% flag is ignored by PostScript Level 1 printers.
/FMUseAcccurateScreens true def
%
% The following PostScript procedure defines the spot function that Frame
% products will use for process separations. You may un-comment-out one of
% the alternative functions below, or use your own.
%
% Dot function
/FMSpotFunction {abs exch abs 2 copy add 1 gt
{1 sub dup mul exch 1 sub dup mul add 1 sub }
{dup mul exch dup mul add 1 exch sub }ifelse } def
%
% Line function
% /FMSpotFunction { pop } def
%
% Elipse function
% /FMSpotFunction { dup 5 mul 8 div mul exch dup mul exch add
% sqrt 1 exch sub } def
%
%
/FMversion (4.0) def
/FMLevel1 /languagelevel where {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse 2 lt def
/FMPColor
FMLevel1 {
false
/colorimage where {pop pop true} if
} {
true
} ifelse
def
/FrameDict 400 dict def
systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def
errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if
% The readline in PS 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk
FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put
errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put
FrameDict /bug false put
mark
% Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together!
currentfile 5 string readline
00
0000000000
cleartomark
errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put
FrameDict /bug get {
/readline {
/gstring exch def
/gfile exch def
/gindex 0 def
{
gfile read pop
dup 10 eq {exit} if
dup 13 eq {exit} if
gstring exch gindex exch put
/gindex gindex 1 add def
} loop
pop
gstring 0 gindex getinterval true
} bind def
} if
/FMshowpage /showpage load def
/FMquit /quit load def
/FMFAILURE {
dup = flush
FMshowpage
/Helvetica findfont 12 scalefont setfont
72 200 moveto
show FMshowpage
FMquit
} def
/FMVERSION {
FMversion ne {
(Frame product version does not match ps_prolog!) FMFAILURE
} if
} def
/FMBADEPSF {
(PostScript Lang. Ref. Man., 2nd Ed., H.2.4 says EPS must not call X )
dup dup (X) search pop exch pop exch pop length
4 -1 roll
putinterval
FMFAILURE
} def
/FMLOCAL {
FrameDict begin
0 def
end
} def
/concatprocs
{
/proc2 exch cvlit def/proc1 exch cvlit def/newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def
newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx
}def
FrameDict begin
/FMnone 0 def
/FMcyan 1 def
/FMmagenta 2 def
/FMyellow 3 def
/FMblack 4 def
/FMcustom 5 def
/FrameNegative false def
/FrameSepIs FMnone def
/FrameSepBlack 0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0 def
/FrameSepRed 1 def
/FrameSepGreen 1 def
/FrameSepBlue 1 def
/FrameCurGray 1 def
/FrameCurPat null def
/FrameCurColors [ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] def
/FrameColorEpsilon .001 def
/eqepsilon {
sub dup 0 lt {neg} if
FrameColorEpsilon le
} bind def
/FrameCmpColorsCMYK {
2 copy 0 get exch 0 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 1 get exch 1 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 2 get exch 2 get eqepsilon {
3 get exch 3 get eqepsilon
} {pop pop false} ifelse
}{pop pop false} ifelse
} {pop pop false} ifelse
} bind def
/FrameCmpColorsRGB {
2 copy 4 get exch 0 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 5 get exch 1 get eqepsilon {
6 get exch 2 get eqepsilon
}{pop pop false} ifelse
} {pop pop false} ifelse
} bind def
/RGBtoCMYK {
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
3 copy
2 copy
le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse
2 copy
le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse
dup dup dup
6 1 roll
4 1 roll
7 1 roll
sub
6 1 roll
sub
5 1 roll
sub
4 1 roll
} bind def
/CMYKtoRGB {
dup dup 4 -1 roll add
5 1 roll 3 -1 roll add
4 1 roll add
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if 3 1 roll
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch
} bind def
/FrameSepInit {
1.0 RealSetgray
} bind def
/FrameSetSepColor {
/FrameSepBlue exch def
/FrameSepGreen exch def
/FrameSepRed exch def
/FrameSepBlack exch def
/FrameSepYellow exch def
/FrameSepMagenta exch def
/FrameSepCyan exch def
/FrameSepIs FMcustom def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetCyan {
/FrameSepBlue 1.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 1.0 def
/FrameSepRed 0.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 1.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMcyan def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetMagenta {
/FrameSepBlue 1.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 0.0 def
/FrameSepRed 1.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 1.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMmagenta def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetYellow {
/FrameSepBlue 0.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 1.0 def
/FrameSepRed 1.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 1.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMyellow def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetBlack {
/FrameSepBlue 0.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 0.0 def
/FrameSepRed 0.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 1.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMblack def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameNoSep {
/FrameSepIs FMnone def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetSepColors {
FrameDict begin
[ exch 1 add 1 roll ]
/FrameSepColors
exch def end
} bind def
/FrameColorInSepListCMYK {
FrameSepColors {
exch dup 3 -1 roll
FrameCmpColorsCMYK
{ pop true exit } if
} forall
dup true ne {pop false} if
} bind def
/FrameColorInSepListRGB {
FrameSepColors {
exch dup 3 -1 roll
FrameCmpColorsRGB
{ pop true exit } if
} forall
dup true ne {pop false} if
} bind def
/RealSetgray /setgray load def
/RealSetrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def
/RealSethsbcolor /sethsbcolor load def
end
/setgray {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetgray }
{
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{ RealSetgray }
{ FrameSepIs FMcustom eq
FrameSepRed 0 eq and
FrameSepGreen 0 eq and
FrameSepBlue 0 eq and {
RealSetgray
} {
1 RealSetgray pop
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
end
} bind def
/setrgbcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetrgbcolor }
{
3 copy [ 4 1 roll ]
FrameColorInSepListRGB
{
FrameSepBlue eq exch
FrameSepGreen eq and exch
FrameSepRed eq and
{ 0 } { 1 } ifelse
}
{
FMPColor {
RealSetrgbcolor
currentcmykcolor
} {
RGBtoCMYK
} ifelse
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
RealSetgray
}
ifelse
end
} bind def
/sethsbcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSethsbcolor }
{
RealSethsbcolor
currentrgbcolor
setrgbcolor
}
ifelse
end
} bind def
FrameDict begin
/setcmykcolor where {
pop /RealSetcmykcolor /setcmykcolor load def
} {
/RealSetcmykcolor {
4 1 roll
3 { 3 index add 0 max 1 min 1 exch sub 3 1 roll} repeat
setrgbcolor pop
} bind def
} ifelse
userdict /setcmykcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetcmykcolor }
{
4 copy [ 5 1 roll ]
FrameColorInSepListCMYK
{
FrameSepBlack eq exch
FrameSepYellow eq and exch
FrameSepMagenta eq and exch
FrameSepCyan eq and
{ 0 } { 1 } ifelse
}
{
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
RealSetgray
}
ifelse
end
} bind put
FMLevel1 not {
/patProcDict 5 dict dup begin
<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> { 3 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke
4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def
<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> { 3 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke
4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def
<8142241818244281> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke } bind def
<03060c183060c081> { 1 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke
4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def
<8040201008040201> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke
4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def
end def
/patDict 15 dict dup begin
/PatternType 1 def
/PaintType 2 def
/TilingType 3 def
/BBox [ 0 0 8 8 ] def
/XStep 8 def
/YStep 8 def
/PaintProc {
begin
patProcDict bstring known {
patProcDict bstring get exec
} {
8 8 true [1 0 0 -1 0 8] bstring imagemask
} ifelse
end
} bind def
end def
} if
/combineColor {
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{
graymode FMLevel1 or not {
[/Pattern [/DeviceCMYK]] setcolorspace
FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload pop FrameCurPat setcolor
} {
FrameCurColors 3 get 1.0 ge {
FrameCurGray RealSetgray
} {
FMPColor graymode and {
0 1 3 {
FrameCurColors exch get
1 FrameCurGray sub mul
} for
RealSetcmykcolor
} {
4 1 6 {
FrameCurColors exch get
graymode {
1 exch sub 1 FrameCurGray sub mul 1 exch sub
} {
1.0 lt {FrameCurGray} {1} ifelse
} ifelse
} for
RealSetrgbcolor
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} {
FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload
FrameColorInSepListCMYK {
FrameSepBlack eq exch
FrameSepYellow eq and exch
FrameSepMagenta eq and exch
FrameSepCyan eq and
FrameSepIs FMcustom eq and
{ FrameCurGray } { 1 } ifelse
} {
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
graymode FMLevel1 or not {
[/Pattern [/DeviceGray]] setcolorspace
FrameCurPat setcolor
} {
graymode not FMLevel1 and {
dup 1 lt {pop FrameCurGray} if
} if
RealSetgray
} ifelse
} ifelse
} bind def
/savematrix {
orgmatrix currentmatrix pop
} bind def
/restorematrix {
orgmatrix setmatrix
} bind def
/dmatrix matrix def
/dpi 72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform
dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def
/freq dpi dup 72 div round dup 0 eq {pop 1} if 8 mul div def
/sangle 1 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan def
/dpiranges [ 2540 2400 1693 1270 1200 635 600 0 ] def
/CMLowFreqs [ 100.402 94.8683 89.2289 100.402 94.8683 66.9349 63.2456 47.4342 ] def
/YLowFreqs [ 95.25 90.0 84.65 95.25 90.0 70.5556 66.6667 50.0 ] def
/KLowFreqs [ 89.8026 84.8528 79.8088 89.8026 84.8528 74.8355 70.7107 53.033 ] def
/CLowAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def
/MLowAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def
/YLowTDot [ true true false true true false false false ] def
/CMHighFreqs [ 133.87 126.491 133.843 108.503 102.523 100.402 94.8683 63.2456 ] def
/YHighFreqs [ 127.0 120.0 126.975 115.455 109.091 95.25 90.0 60.0 ] def
/KHighFreqs [ 119.737 113.137 119.713 128.289 121.218 89.8026 84.8528 63.6395 ] def
/CHighAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 70.0169 70.0169 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def
/MHighAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 19.9831 19.9831 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def
/YHighTDot [ false false true false false true true false ] def
/PatFreq [ 10.5833 10.0 9.4055 10.5833 10.0 10.5833 10.0 9.375 ] def
/screenIndex {
0 1 dpiranges length 1 sub { dup dpiranges exch get 1 sub dpi le {exit} {pop} ifelse } for
} bind def
/getCyanScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { CHighAngles CMHighFreqs} {CLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getMagentaScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { MHighAngles CMHighFreqs } {MLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getYellowScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { YHighTDot YHighFreqs} { YLowTDot YLowFreqs } ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get { 3 div
{2 { 1 add 2 div 3 mul dup floor sub 2 mul 1 sub exch} repeat
FMSpotFunction } } {/FMSpotFunction load } ifelse
0.0 exch
} bind def
/getBlackScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { KHighFreqs } { KLowFreqs } ifelse
screenIndex get 45.0 /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getSpotScreen {
getBlackScreen
} bind def
/getCompositeScreen {
getBlackScreen
} bind def
/FMSetScreen
FMLevel1 { /setscreen load
}{ {
8 dict begin
/HalftoneType 1 def
/SpotFunction exch def
/Angle exch def
/Frequency exch def
/AccurateScreens FMUseAcccurateScreens def
currentdict end sethalftone
} bind } ifelse
def
/setDefaultScreen {
FMPColor {
orgrxfer cvx orggxfer cvx orgbxfer cvx orgxfer cvx setcolortransfer
}
{
orgxfer cvx settransfer
} ifelse
orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen
} bind def
/setCurrentScreen {
FrameSepIs FMnone eq {
FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
getCompositeScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} {
FrameSepIs FMcustom eq {
FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
getSpotScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} {
FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq {
getCyanScreen FMSetScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq {
getMagentaScreen FMSetScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq {
getYellowScreen FMSetScreen
} {
getBlackScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} bind def
end
/gstring FMLOCAL
/gfile FMLOCAL
/gindex FMLOCAL
/orgrxfer FMLOCAL
/orggxfer FMLOCAL
/orgbxfer FMLOCAL
/orgxfer FMLOCAL
/orgproc FMLOCAL
/orgrproc FMLOCAL
/orggproc FMLOCAL
/orgbproc FMLOCAL
/organgle FMLOCAL
/orgrangle FMLOCAL
/orggangle FMLOCAL
/orgbangle FMLOCAL
/orgfreq FMLOCAL
/orgrfreq FMLOCAL
/orggfreq FMLOCAL
/orgbfreq FMLOCAL
/yscale FMLOCAL
/xscale FMLOCAL
/edown FMLOCAL
/manualfeed FMLOCAL
/paperheight FMLOCAL
/paperwidth FMLOCAL
/FMDOCUMENT {
array /FMfonts exch def
/#copies exch def
FrameDict begin
0 ne /manualfeed exch def
/paperheight exch def
/paperwidth exch def
0 ne /FrameNegative exch def
0 ne /edown exch def
/yscale exch def
/xscale exch def
FMLevel1 {
manualfeed {setmanualfeed} if
/FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def
/FMoptop count def
setpapername
manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse
{manualpapersize} {false} ifelse
{desperatepapersize} {false} ifelse
{ (Can't select requested paper size for Frame print job!) FMFAILURE } if
count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for
countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for
}
{{1 dict dup /PageSize [paperwidth paperheight]put setpagedevice}stopped
{ (Can't select requested paper size for Frame print job!) FMFAILURE } if
{1 dict dup /ManualFeed manualfeed put setpagedevice } stopped pop }
ifelse
FMPColor {
currentcolorscreen
cvlit /orgproc exch def
/organgle exch def
/orgfreq exch def
cvlit /orgbproc exch def
/orgbangle exch def
/orgbfreq exch def
cvlit /orggproc exch def
/orggangle exch def
/orggfreq exch def
cvlit /orgrproc exch def
/orgrangle exch def
/orgrfreq exch def
currentcolortransfer
FrameNegative {
1 1 4 {
pop { 1 exch sub } concatprocs 4 1 roll
} for
4 copy
setcolortransfer
} if
cvlit /orgxfer exch def
cvlit /orgbxfer exch def
cvlit /orggxfer exch def
cvlit /orgrxfer exch def
} {
currentscreen
cvlit /orgproc exch def
/organgle exch def
/orgfreq exch def
currenttransfer
FrameNegative {
{ 1 exch sub } concatprocs
dup settransfer
} if
cvlit /orgxfer exch def
} ifelse
end
} def
/pagesave FMLOCAL
/orgmatrix FMLOCAL
/landscape FMLOCAL
/pwid FMLOCAL
/FMBEGINPAGE {
FrameDict begin
/pagesave save def
3.86 setmiterlimit
/landscape exch 0 ne def
landscape {
90 rotate 0 exch dup /pwid exch def neg translate pop
}{
pop /pwid exch def
} ifelse
edown { [-1 0 0 1 pwid 0] concat } if
0 0 moveto paperwidth 0 lineto paperwidth paperheight lineto
0 paperheight lineto 0 0 lineto 1 setgray fill
xscale yscale scale
/orgmatrix matrix def
gsave
} def
/FMENDPAGE {
grestore
pagesave restore
end
showpage
} def
/FMFONTDEFINE {
FrameDict begin
findfont
ReEncode
1 index exch
definefont
FMfonts 3 1 roll
put
end
} def
/FMFILLS {
FrameDict begin dup
array /fillvals exch def
dict /patCache exch def
end
} def
/FMFILL {
FrameDict begin
fillvals 3 1 roll put
end
} def
/FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS {
newpath
0.0 0.0 moveto
1 setlinewidth
0 setlinecap
0 0 0 sethsbcolor
0 setgray
} bind def
/fx FMLOCAL
/fy FMLOCAL
/fh FMLOCAL
/fw FMLOCAL
/llx FMLOCAL
/lly FMLOCAL
/urx FMLOCAL
/ury FMLOCAL
/FMBEGINEPSF {
end
/FMEPSF save def
/showpage {} def
% See Adobe's "PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd Edition", page 714.
% "...the following operators MUST NOT be used in an EPS file:" (emphasis ours)
/banddevice {(banddevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/clear {(clear) FMBADEPSF} def
/cleardictstack {(cleardictstack) FMBADEPSF} def
/copypage {(copypage) FMBADEPSF} def
/erasepage {(erasepage) FMBADEPSF} def
/exitserver {(exitserver) FMBADEPSF} def
/framedevice {(framedevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/grestoreall {(grestoreall) FMBADEPSF} def
/initclip {(initclip) FMBADEPSF} def
/initgraphics {(initgraphics) FMBADEPSF} def
/initmatrix {(initmatrix) FMBADEPSF} def
/quit {(quit) FMBADEPSF} def
/renderbands {(renderbands) FMBADEPSF} def
/setglobal {(setglobal) FMBADEPSF} def
/setpagedevice {(setpagedevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/setshared {(setshared) FMBADEPSF} def
/startjob {(startjob) FMBADEPSF} def
/lettertray {(lettertray) FMBADEPSF} def
/letter {(letter) FMBADEPSF} def
/lettersmall {(lettersmall) FMBADEPSF} def
/11x17tray {(11x17tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/11x17 {(11x17) FMBADEPSF} def
/ledgertray {(ledgertray) FMBADEPSF} def
/ledger {(ledger) FMBADEPSF} def
/legaltray {(legaltray) FMBADEPSF} def
/legal {(legal) FMBADEPSF} def
/statementtray {(statementtray) FMBADEPSF} def
/statement {(statement) FMBADEPSF} def
/executivetray {(executivetray) FMBADEPSF} def
/executive {(executive) FMBADEPSF} def
/a3tray {(a3tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/a3 {(a3) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4tray {(a4tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4 {(a4) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4small {(a4small) FMBADEPSF} def
/b4tray {(b4tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/b4 {(b4) FMBADEPSF} def
/b5tray {(b5tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/b5 {(b5) FMBADEPSF} def
FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS
[/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall
fx fw 2 div add fy fh 2 div add translate
rotate
fw 2 div neg fh 2 div neg translate
fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale
llx neg lly neg translate
/FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def
/FMoptop count def
} bind def
/FMENDEPSF {
count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for
countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for
FMEPSF restore
FrameDict begin
} bind def
FrameDict begin
/setmanualfeed {
%%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True
statusdict /manualfeed true put
%%EndFeature
} bind def
/max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def
/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def
/inch {72 mul} def
/pagedimen {
paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch
paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and
{/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse
} bind def
/papersizedict FMLOCAL
/setpapername {
/papersizedict 14 dict def
papersizedict begin
/papername /unknown def
/Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen
/LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen
/Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen
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(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(1/12) 540.64 56.83 T
1 18 Q
(The Jupiter Audio/V) 144.28 726.14 T
(ideo Architecture:) 313.98 726.14 T
(Secure Multimedia in Network Places) 147.08 704.14 T
0 12 Q
(Pavel Curtis, Michael Dixon, Ron Fr) 144.88 661.14 T
(ederick, and David A. Nichols) 322.76 661.14 T
2 F
(Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) 225.82 647.14 T
(3333 Coyote Hill Road) 250.3 633.14 T
(Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA) 241.97 619.14 T
(+1 415 812 4000) 265.26 605.14 T
({pavel,mdixon,frederick,nichols}@parc.xerox.com) 182.71 591.14 T
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1 9 Q
(ABSTRACT) 53.86 547.89 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0 (Jupiter is a multi-user) 53.86 536.22 B
0.25 0 (, multimedia virtual world intended to) 141.22 536.22 B
0.25 0.1 (support remote collaboration, including support for shared) 53.86 525.22 B
0.25 0.13 (documents, shared tools, and audio/video communication.) 53.86 514.22 B
0.25 0.04 (In addition, it provides a rich set of end-user customization) 53.86 503.22 B
0.25 0.09 (and programming facilities, designed to support a commu-) 53.86 492.22 B
0.25 0.17 (nity of developers with a wide range both of skills and of) 53.86 481.22 B
(trust in each other) 53.86 470.22 T
(.) 125.24 470.22 T
0.25 0.04 (This combination of features leads to an interesting tension) 53.86 451.22 B
0.15 (in the system\325) 53.86 440.22 P
0.15 (s design, between \337exibility and privacy: how) 109.73 440.22 P
0.25 0 (can we make it easy for \322power users\323 to build applications) 53.86 429.22 B
0.25 0.13 (that control the distribution and recording of the real-time) 53.86 418.22 B
0.25 0.35 (audio and video streams in new and useful ways, while) 53.86 407.22 B
0.25 0.11 (simultaneously assuring) 53.86 396.22 B
0 F
0.25 0.11 (all) 155.84 396.22 B
2 F
0.25 0.11 ( users that they understand and) 166.72 396.22 B
0.25 0.46 (control where their own A/V streams are going at any) 53.86 385.22 B
(moment?) 53.86 374.22 T
0.25 0.22 (In this paper we describe our solution to this dilemma; it) 53.86 355.22 B
0.25 0.05 (combines the automatic use of encryption, a f) 53.86 344.22 B
0.25 0.05 (lexible model) 239.29 344.22 B
0.25 0.17 (for dynamically interconnecting media sources and sinks,) 53.86 333.22 B
0.25 0.09 (and user) 53.86 322.22 B
0.25 0.09 (-interface widgets that can be relied upon to accu-) 88.26 322.22 B
0.25 0.16 (rately represent and control the workstation\325) 53.86 311.22 B
0.25 0.16 (s audio/video) 239.06 311.22 B
(capabilities.) 53.86 300.22 T
1 9 Q
(KEYWORDS) 53.86 278.89 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.39 (Network places, collaboration, audio, video, multicast,) 53.86 267.22 B
(security) 53.86 256.22 T
(, encryption.) 84.87 256.22 T
1 9 Q
(INTRODUCTION) 53.86 234.89 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.44 (Jupiter is a system supporting long-term collaboration) 53.86 223.22 B
-0.21 (through the use of) 53.86 212.22 P
0 F
-0.21 (network places) 128.02 212.22 P
2 F
-0.21 ( [5]. Each Jupiter user runs) 188.09 212.22 P
0.09 (a client program on a workstation, preferably equipped with) 53.86 201.22 P
0.25 0.27 (video camera and microphone, and connects to a Jupiter) 53.86 190.22 B
0.25 0.13 (server that maintains a persistent virtual world of network) 53.86 179.22 B
(places.) 53.86 168.22 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.2 (Compared with virtual reality systems, the world itself is) 317.48 547.22 B
0.25 0.2 (simple, represented with only two-dimensional maps and) 317.48 536.22 B
0.25 0.01 (textual descriptions. The emphasis instead is on interaction,) 317.48 525.22 B
-0.23 (with the other users currently connected and with the objects) 317.48 514.22 P
(that they jointly construct and leave behind.) 317.48 503.22 T
0.25 0.21 (The Jupiter world is composed of a set of interconnected) 317.48 484.22 B
0.25 0.24 (places that serve to structure these interactions: to a f) 317.48 473.22 B
0.25 0.24 (irst) 544.91 473.22 B
0.25 0.13 (approximation, each user sees and interacts with the other) 317.48 462.22 B
0.25 0.32 (users and objects currently located in the same network) 317.48 451.22 B
0.25 0.02 (place as themselves. By moving themselves and the objects) 317.48 440.22 B
0.25 0.07 (from place to place, they can f) 317.48 429.22 B
0.25 0.07 (lexibly and naturally control) 442.04 429.22 B
(the extent of their participation in the collaboration.) 317.48 418.22 T
0.25 0.21 (The objects in Jupiter can include simple text documents) 317.48 399.22 B
0.25 0.1 (and drawing surfaces, general tools like web browsers and) 317.48 388.22 B
-0.01 (tape recorders, tools designed for speci\336c types of work like) 317.48 377.22 P
0.25 0.19 (data analysis, and even active agents that move about the) 317.48 366.22 B
-0.08 (Jupiter world and interact with other objects and users. Jupi-) 317.48 355.22 P
0.25 0.25 (ter provides tools for creating new objects, creating new) 317.48 344.22 B
0.25 0.19 (places, and def) 317.48 333.22 B
0.25 0.19 (ining or modifying the behavior of objects) 379.9 333.22 B
0.25 0.08 (and places with a simple but powerful object-oriented pro-) 317.48 322.22 B
(gramming language.) 317.48 311.22 T
0.25 0.07 (The Jupiter server consists of a database that maintains the) 317.48 292.22 B
0.25 (state of the world and the objects in it, an interpreter for the) 317.48 281.22 P
0.25 0.21 (internal programming language, and a core set of objects) 317.48 270.22 B
0.25 0.01 (that provide the basic functionality of network places, com-) 317.48 259.22 B
(munication facilities, and programming tools.) 317.48 248.22 T
0.25 0.19 (An important design assumption is that users adding new) 317.48 229.22 B
0.25 0.09 (capabilities to Jupiter might not be trusted by other Jupiter) 317.48 218.22 B
0.25 0.4 (users, so we require an unusually f) 317.48 207.22 B
0.25 0.4 (ine-grained security) 470.92 207.22 B
0.25 0.26 (model that allows users to maintain control of their own) 317.48 196.22 B
0.25 0.06 (objects and places, but at the same time share and build on) 317.48 185.22 B
(each others\325 programming ef) 317.48 174.22 T
(forts when desired.) 433.1 174.22 T
0.25 0.02 (The Jupiter programming environment has made it easy for) 317.48 155.22 B
0.04 (users to extend the world in many ways; our goal in the cur-) 317.48 144.22 P
-0.22 (rent work was to design audio/video facilities with compara-) 317.48 133.22 P
-0.04 (ble \337exibility) 317.48 122.22 P
-0.04 (, so that novel or customized media connection) 370.41 122.22 P
0.09 (applications could be implemented easily by end users. Fur-) 317.48 111.22 P
0.25 0.07 (thermore, such extensions should not require reimplement-) 317.48 100.22 B
0.25 0.07 (ing basic facilities like the management and distribution of) 317.48 89.22 B
(network addresses and encryption keys.) 317.48 78.22 T
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(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
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0.25 0.09 (These user) 53.86 731.47 B
0.25 0.09 (-written applications should not be able to com-) 97.79 731.47 B
0.25 0.09 (promise other users\325 control or understanding of their own) 53.86 720.47 B
(audio/video access. For example, we would like to prevent) 53.86 709.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 696.47 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.07 (a programmer creating an object that allows them to see) 64.66 696.47 B
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0.25 0.39 (s going on in another room without the) 122.94 685.47 B
(occupants of that room knowing it,) 64.66 674.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 661.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.17 (a programmer creating a new communication tool that,) 64.66 661.48 B
0.25 0.11 (while seemingly secure within Jupiter) 64.66 650.48 B
0.25 0.11 (, is actually trans-) 220.97 650.48 B
0.25 0.15 (mitting the media streams unencrypted and is therefore) 64.66 639.48 B
(vulnerable to external tapping,) 64.66 628.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 615.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.45 (user) 64.66 615.48 B
0.25 0.45 (1 playing back a \050possibly edited\051 recording of) 86.05 615.48 B
0.25 0.01 (user) 64.66 604.48 B
0.25 0.01 (2, making other people present believe that user) 83.88 604.48 B
0.25 0.01 (2 is) 280.37 604.48 B
(actually speaking, or) 64.66 593.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 580.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.11 (a programmer creating an object that allows unsolicited) 64.66 580.48 B
(broadcast to everyone else in the system.) 64.66 569.48 T
0.25 0.1 (The previous prototype of Jupiter supported much of what) 53.86 550.48 B
0.25 0.31 (we would like, but often in an) 53.86 539.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.31 (ad hoc) 187.36 539.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.31 ( or inf) 216.39 539.48 B
0.25 0.31 (lexible way) 242.94 539.48 B
0.25 0.31 (.) 292.3 539.48 B
0.25 0.57 (After having used the system for several months, we) 53.86 528.48 B
0.1 (decided to completely redesign the facilities for audio/video) 53.86 517.48 P
0.25 0.1 (control, coordination, and security; this paper presents our) 53.86 506.48 B
(new design.) 53.86 495.48 T
-0.16 (In what follows, we \336rst lay out the range of applications we) 53.86 476.48 P
0.25 0.15 (had specif) 53.86 465.48 B
0.25 0.15 (ically in mind as design tar) 95.89 465.48 B
0.25 0.15 (gets. Next, we cover) 209.25 465.48 B
0.25 0.37 (two other major inf) 53.86 454.48 B
0.25 0.37 (luences on the design: the technical) 138.61 454.48 B
0.25 0.11 (infrastructure underlying Jupiter and the security and trust) 53.86 443.48 B
0.25 0.04 (considerations. At the core of the paper is a presentation of) 53.86 432.48 B
0.23 (the user and programming interfaces in the new design, fol-) 53.86 421.48 P
0.25 0.1 (lowed by a brief discussion of how this design enables the) 53.86 410.48 B
(implementation of several key applications.) 53.86 399.48 T
1 9 Q
(SOME MOTIV) 53.86 378.14 T
(A) 110.7 378.14 T
(TING APPLICA) 116.53 378.14 T
(TIONS) 179.37 378.14 T
2 10 Q
-0.02 (The design of the Jupiter audio/video architecture was in\337u-) 53.86 366.48 P
0.23 (enced in lar) 53.86 355.48 P
0.23 (ge part by the set of sample applications we had) 100.79 355.48 P
0.25 0.01 (in mind. A major criterion in our deliberations was the ease) 53.86 344.48 B
0.25 0.11 (with which new applications could be prototyped by users) 53.86 333.48 B
0.12 (with little knowledge of the low-level details of audio/video) 53.86 322.48 P
0.25 0.37 (capture, processing, or transmission. In this section we) 53.86 311.48 B
0.25 0.31 (describe many of these applications in order to give the) 53.86 300.48 B
0.25 0.3 (reader a sense of the breadth we considered. Late in the) 53.86 289.48 B
0.25 0.24 (paper) 53.86 278.47 B
0.25 0.24 (, we revisit a number of the applications to explore) 76.88 278.47 B
(how well we\325ve addressed our ease-of-use goals.) 53.86 267.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 252.47 T
0 10 Q
(Intra-r) 64.66 252.47 T
(oom communication) 91.51 252.47 T
2 F
-0.21 (By far the most common use of audio and video in Jupiter) 64.66 241.47 P
0.41 (is for communicating with the other users who are in the) 64.66 230.47 P
-0.17 (same network place, or) 64.66 219.47 P
0 F
-0.17 (r) 159.24 219.47 P
-0.17 (oom) 162.76 219.47 P
2 F
-0.17 (. The model is that when one) 179.98 219.47 P
-0.15 (user speaks, all of the others in the room can hear them; if) 64.66 208.47 P
0.52 (any of the users have cameras, all of the others there are) 64.66 197.47 P
(able to see their image.) 64.66 186.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 171.47 T
0 10 Q
(Private comments to a single user) 64.66 171.47 T
2 F
-0.22 (It often happens that a user would like to speak to just one) 64.66 160.47 P
1.08 (of the others in the current room, not to all present; we) 64.66 149.47 P
(refer to this as) 64.66 138.47 T
0 F
(whispering.) 124.09 138.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 123.47 T
0 10 Q
(Non-speech sounds in r) 64.66 123.47 T
(ooms) 158.45 123.47 T
2 F
0.79 (Other) 64.66 112.47 P
0.79 (, non-speech audio communications can be helpful) 87.03 112.47 P
-0.17 (in giving network places more of the af) 64.66 101.47 P
-0.17 (fordances of phys-) 220.73 101.47 P
0.13 (ical places. For example, it should be possible for a room) 64.66 90.47 P
1.63 (to generate a sound, audible to the users in that room,) 64.66 79.47 P
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.74 (whenever someone enters or leaves. Another example is) 328.28 731.47 P
0.62 (ambient, background sounds, which might be capable of) 328.28 720.47 P
(subtly giving dif) 328.28 709.47 T
(ferent places dif) 394.22 709.47 T
(ferent \322feels.\323) 458.46 709.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 694.47 T
0 10 Q
(Hearing sounds fr) 328.28 694.47 T
(om \322nearby\323 r) 400.69 694.47 T
(ooms) 460.32 694.47 T
2 F
0.24 (It often happens in physical places that the sound of con-) 328.28 683.47 P
0.67 (versation in one room will draw in participants from the) 328.28 672.47 P
0.58 (nearby spaces; this kind of casual, unplanned interaction) 328.28 661.48 P
2.68 (is an important mechanism for improving the overall) 328.28 650.48 P
0.39 (level of communication in a group. If the presentation of) 328.28 639.48 P
1.25 (network places to users includes enough information to) 328.28 628.48 P
-0.04 (make clear how far conversation is travelling, it would be) 328.28 617.48 P
0.05 (useful and should be straightforward to allow this kind of) 328.28 606.48 P
(inter) 328.28 595.48 T
(-room audio leakage.) 346.41 595.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 580.48 T
0 10 Q
(Connecting physical and virtual places) 328.28 580.48 T
2 F
-0.22 (The activities in some physical places, such as conference) 328.28 569.48 P
1.93 (rooms and auditoriums, could be of interest to remote) 328.28 558.48 P
0.47 (users. It should be easy to set up virtual analogs of these) 328.28 547.48 P
0.89 (places, allowing users who are not physically present to) 328.28 536.48 P
1.26 (see, hear) 328.28 525.48 P
1.26 (, and even actively participate in meetings and) 364.11 525.48 P
(presentations.) 328.28 514.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 499.48 T
0 10 Q
(Non-local audio/video tunnels) 328.28 499.48 T
2 F
0.18 (While network places provide a rich metaphor for a wide) 328.28 488.48 P
1.94 (range of interactions, there are times when users need) 328.28 477.48 P
2.13 (other communications channels not tied to any virtual) 328.28 466.48 P
1.08 (geography) 328.28 455.48 P
1.08 (. For example, some pairs of users who often) 369.84 455.48 P
0.15 (interact with each other also often need to work in dif) 328.28 444.48 P
0.15 (fer-) 543.99 444.48 P
2.75 (ent network places on essentially dif) 328.28 433.48 P
2.75 (ferent immediate) 487.64 433.48 P
-0.24 (projects. Such pairs should be able to easily set up an A/V) 328.28 422.48 P
0.33 (\324tunnel\325 between them, allowing them to stay in commu-) 328.28 411.48 P
2.46 (nication even as they each move about in the virtual) 328.28 400.48 P
(space) 328.28 389.48 T
([1].) 352.99 389.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 374.48 T
0 10 Q
(W) 328.28 374.48 T
(orkgr) 335.69 374.48 T
(oup media spaces) 357.54 374.48 T
2 F
2.17 (The same basic concept scales up to lar) 328.28 363.48 P
2.17 (ger groups as) 500.76 363.48 P
0.9 (well. For example, the hardware group in P) 328.28 352.48 P
0.9 (ARC\325) 507.24 352.48 P
0.9 (s com-) 530.58 352.48 P
2.84 (puter science lab comprises about ten people usually) 328.28 341.48 P
1.65 (working on several distinct projects at any given time.) 328.28 330.48 P
1.97 (While their individual work keeps the group members) 328.28 319.48 P
2.84 (spread apart in both physical and virtual space, they) 328.28 308.48 P
0.55 (would like to be able to stay casually in touch with each) 328.28 297.48 P
0.12 (other as a group; they) 328.28 286.48 P
0.12 (, too, should be able to easily set up) 414.74 286.48 P
(a group A/V \322space\323 to meet this need [3].) 328.28 275.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 260.47 T
0 10 Q
(Public addr) 328.28 260.47 T
(ess system) 375.41 260.47 T
2 F
0.08 (At the limit of this notion, some communities might wish) 328.28 249.47 P
1.49 (to allow certain distinguished users to make announce-) 328.28 238.47 P
(ments that are seen and heard by everyone.) 328.28 227.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 212.47 T
0 10 Q
(V) 328.28 212.47 T
(irtual video telephones) 333.65 212.47 T
2 F
0.54 (The two-person A/V tunnel concept is similar to a video) 328.28 201.47 P
0.41 (telephone call that is never disconnected. One could also) 328.28 190.47 P
0.83 (provide virtual videophones in their full generality) 328.28 179.47 P
0.83 (, with) 534.81 179.47 P
0.08 (users able to specify on a call-by-call basis the other end-) 328.28 168.47 P
1.29 (point of the tunnel and to cause a receiving window to) 328.28 157.47 P
(appear on the callee\325) 328.28 146.47 T
(s screen at call initiation.) 410.75 146.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 131.47 T
0 10 Q
(V) 328.28 131.47 T
(irtual answering machines) 333.65 131.47 T
2 F
0.11 (Once there were virtual telephones, the virtual equivalent) 328.28 120.47 P
0.96 (of an answering machine would be useful, providing an) 328.28 109.47 P
1.14 (asynchronous complement to the other applications dis-) 328.28 98.47 P
(cussed.) 328.28 87.47 T
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0.82 (As is suggested by the answering machine example, not) 64.66 672.47 P
5.53 (all participants in audio/video communications are) 64.66 661.48 P
-0.01 (human users. One obvious non-user application is a \322tape) 64.66 650.48 P
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-0.1 (.\323 W) 97.42 639.48 P
-0.1 (ith the assistance of a simple auxiliary server) 115.8 639.48 P
1.95 (that can transmit and receive A/V traf) 64.66 628.48 P
1.95 (\336c, it should be) 227.27 628.48 P
0.94 (easy to implement an object that, when located in some) 64.66 617.48 P
1.62 (network place, can record the open communications in) 64.66 606.48 P
2.46 (that place. Once such a recording has been made, of) 64.66 595.48 P
0.51 (course, it should again be straightforward to play it back) 64.66 584.48 P
2.17 (later to any authorized listeners. Extra facilities might) 64.66 573.48 P
1.48 (usefully allow users to insert notes and other markings) 64.66 562.48 P
0.93 (tied to speci\336c locations in the recording, to aid in later) 64.66 551.48 P
(indexing or review [8].) 64.66 540.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 525.48 T
0 10 Q
(External audio/video sour) 64.66 525.48 T
(ces) 168.73 525.48 T
2 F
0.55 (V) 64.66 514.48 P
0.55 (irtual analogs of physical places is just one example of) 71.28 514.48 P
0.54 (making an external audio/video source available to Jupi-) 64.66 503.48 P
-0.22 (ter users. Others might include broadcast radio and televi-) 64.66 492.48 P
(sion signals or physical security cameras.) 64.66 481.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 466.48 T
0 10 Q
(Hourly news r) 64.66 466.48 T
(ecor) 121.51 466.48 T
(ding service) 138.91 466.48 T
2 F
-0.18 (In the radio case, we have found it useful to automatically) 64.66 455.48 P
-0.25 (record the news reports broadcast at the top of every hour) 64.66 444.48 P
-0.25 (,) 292.3 444.48 P
2.24 (making the latest news always easily available to our) 64.66 433.48 P
(users.) 64.66 422.48 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 407.48 T
0 10 Q
(Application-speci\336c audible alerts) 64.66 407.48 T
2 F
1.58 (Another class of non-user media sources includes such) 64.66 396.48 P
0.46 (applications as mail readers, status monitors, and games;) 64.66 385.48 P
1.73 (for the most part, these applications are not concerned) 64.66 374.48 P
0.63 (with audio/video transmissions, but they may) 64.66 363.48 P
0.63 (, from time) 248.82 363.48 P
-0.24 (to time, wish to alert the user to some change in their state) 64.66 352.48 P
(with a simple sound ef) 64.66 341.48 T
(fect.) 155.03 341.48 T
0.25 0.39 (W) 53.86 322.48 B
0.25 0.39 (e had already implemented versions of most of these) 62.89 322.48 B
0.16 (applications in the previous Jupiter prototype, but in several) 53.86 311.48 P
0.25 0.13 (cases they relied on) 53.86 300.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.13 (ad hoc) 138.59 300.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.13 (, specialized mechanisms; they) 166.53 300.48 B
0.25 0.06 (were thus somewhat fragile and poorly integrated with one) 53.86 289.48 B
0.25 0.09 (another) 53.86 278.47 B
0.25 0.09 (. Our desire to clean up that situation and to enable) 83.94 278.47 B
0.25 0.27 (the rest of these applications was a major reason for our) 53.86 267.47 B
0.25 0.23 (decision to redesign the media coordination system from) 53.86 256.47 B
(scratch.) 53.86 245.47 T
1 9 Q
(THE JUPITER INFRASTRUCTURE) 53.86 224.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.01 (Several properties of the technical infrastructure underlying) 53.86 212.47 B
0.25 0.11 (the Jupiter system have signif) 53.86 201.47 B
0.25 0.11 (icantly inf) 176.37 201.47 B
0.25 0.11 (luenced the design) 218.07 201.47 B
0.25 0.41 (of the new audio/video architecture. In this section we) 53.86 190.47 B
0.25 0.3 (describe enough of that infrastructure to bring out these) 53.86 179.47 B
(design requirements.) 53.86 168.47 T
1 9 Q
(Communications and networking) 53.86 147.14 T
2 10 Q
0.16 (Jupiter has a very sharp client/server distinction, with major) 53.86 135.47 P
0.08 (dif) 53.86 124.47 P
0.08 (ferences in the responsibilities and capabilities of the two) 64.79 124.47 P
0.25 0.06 (components. Each user runs a client program on their local) 53.86 113.47 B
0.25 0.18 (workstation that communicates across the network with a) 53.86 102.47 B
(single, shared server) 53.86 91.47 T
(.) 135.23 91.47 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.32 (The clients each initiate a single TCP connection to the) 317.48 731.47 B
0.25 0.29 (server that stays up for periods ranging from minutes to) 317.48 720.47 B
0.25 0.11 (months, depending on the user; users who disconnect may) 317.48 709.47 B
0.25 0.06 (later reconnect at will. The server stays up, ready to accept) 317.48 698.47 B
0.25 0.25 (new connections and to do its other processing, for arbi-) 317.48 687.47 B
0.25 0.12 (trarily long periods of time. The TCP connection is essen-) 317.48 676.47 B
0.25 0.04 (tially the only means of communication between any client) 317.48 665.47 B
0.25 0.2 (and the server) 317.48 654.48 B
0.25 0.2 (. All communication on these TCP connec-) 376.31 654.48 B
0.18 (tions will soon be encrypted for privacy) 317.48 643.48 P
0.18 (, using the proposed) 477.33 643.48 P
(standard Secure Sockets Layer protocol, SSL [7].) 317.48 632.48 T
0.25 0.02 (The clients transmit and receive audio and video data using) 317.48 613.48 B
0.17 (IP multicast [6] and the proposed standard Real-time T) 317.48 602.48 P
0.17 (rans-) 538.43 602.48 P
0.25 0 (port Protocol \050R) 317.48 591.48 B
0.25 0 (TP\051 [10]. All Jupiter audio and video traf) 382.39 591.48 B
0.25 0 (f) 548.42 591.48 B
0.25 0 (ic) 551.2 591.48 B
(is encrypted for privacy) 317.48 580.48 T
(.) 412.08 580.48 T
-0.23 (IP multicast is a routing technology that inexpensively sends) 317.48 561.48 P
-0.12 (copies of network packets to every host in the entire Internet) 317.48 550.48 P
0.25 0.07 (that has expressed interest in that packet\325) 317.48 539.48 B
0.25 0.07 (s specif) 485.69 539.48 B
0.25 0.07 (ic destina-) 516.2 539.48 B
0.07 (tion address; the sender of such a packet can not, in general,) 317.48 528.48 P
0.25 0.21 (control which hosts are allowed to receive it or even dis-) 317.48 517.48 B
(cover) 317.48 506.48 T
(, after the fact, which ones did so.) 339.29 506.48 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.11 (Requirement:) 328.28 491.14 B
4 F
0.25 0.11 ( W) 387.58 491.14 B
0.25 0.11 (e should not use the same multicast) 398.88 491.14 B
0.25 0.5 (address for two transmissions to dif) 328.28 480.64 B
0.25 0.5 (ferent sets of) 488.55 480.64 B
(receivers.) 328.28 470.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.07 (Otherwise, receivers who were in one set and not the other) 317.48 453.98 B
(would suf) 317.48 442.98 T
(fer a useless increase in local network load.) 357.02 442.98 T
1 9 Q
0.13 (Requirement:) 328.28 427.64 P
4 F
0.13 ( W) 386.28 427.64 P
0.13 (e should not use the same encryption) 397.25 427.64 P
-0.14 (key for two transmissions with dif) 328.28 417.14 P
-0.14 (ferent sets of intended) 458.98 417.14 P
(participants.) 328.28 406.64 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.01 (This requirement applies even to incremental changes, such) 317.48 390.48 B
0.09 (as growing or shrinking a set by a single member) 317.48 379.48 P
0.09 (. When the) 514.65 379.48 P
0.25 0.02 (set grows, we cannot reveal the old key to the new member) 317.48 368.48 B
0.19 (because they may have recorded old transmissions that they) 317.48 357.48 P
0.25 0.22 (were not meant to receive. When the set shrinks, the key) 317.48 346.48 B
0.25 0.01 (must again change to keep the removed member from deci-) 317.48 335.48 B
(phering any further transmissions.) 317.48 324.48 T
0.25 0.33 (Encryption and decryption are not computationally free) 317.48 305.48 B
0.25 0.04 (operations; we would like to minimize the number of cryp-) 317.48 294.48 B
0.25 0.29 (tographic operations clients must perform. In particular) 317.48 283.48 B
0.25 0.29 (,) 555.92 283.48 B
0.25 0.04 (they should be able to successfully decrypt incoming pack-) 317.48 272.47 B
0.25 0.07 (ets without resorting to trial and error) 317.48 261.47 B
0.25 0.07 (. Fortunately) 471.09 261.47 B
0.25 0.07 (, the two) 522.67 261.47 B
0.25 0.28 (previous requirements together imply that the client can) 317.48 250.47 B
0.25 0.37 (determine which key to use solely from the destination) 317.48 239.47 B
(address of the packet.) 317.48 228.47 T
0.25 0 (There are, on a number of client platforms, signif) 317.48 209.47 B
0.25 0 (icant costs) 516.21 209.47 B
0.25 0.26 (associated with each separate network address the client) 317.48 198.47 B
(must listen to.) 317.48 187.47 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.43 (Requirement:) 328.28 172.14 B
4 F
0.25 0.43 ( W) 391.45 172.14 B
0.25 0.43 (e should minimize the number of) 403.4 172.14 B
0.25 0.22 (addresses that clients must handle; in particular) 328.28 161.64 B
0.25 0.22 (, we) 530.2 161.64 B
-0.04 (should usually delay assigning addresses until they are) 328.28 151.14 P
(actually needed.) 328.28 140.64 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.02 (In contrast to the clients, the main server never transmits or) 317.48 121.47 B
0.25 0.09 (receives any multicast data. In this regard, it acts only as a) 317.48 110.47 B
0.21 (coordinator and key generator) 317.48 99.47 P
0.21 (, notifying the other parties of) 437.95 99.47 P
0.2 (the appropriate multicast addresses and keys to use for their) 317.48 88.47 P
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
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(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(4/12) 540.64 56.83 T
2 F
0.25 0.1 (own out-of-band communications. Note that cryptographi-) 53.86 731.47 B
(cally secure key generation is computationally expensive.) 53.86 720.47 T
1 9 Q
-0.08 (Requirement:) 64.66 705.14 P
4 F
-0.08 ( W) 122.66 705.14 P
-0.08 (e should minimize the number of keys) 133.42 705.14 P
0.25 0.06 (that the server must create; in particular) 64.66 694.64 B
0.25 0.06 (, where possi-) 226.76 694.64 B
0.25 0.31 (ble, we should delay generating keys until they are) 64.66 684.14 B
(actually needed.) 64.66 673.64 T
1 F
(Jupiter Clients) 53.86 652.14 T
2 10 Q
-0.16 (The Jupiter client programs \050of which there are separate ver-) 53.86 640.48 P
0.25 0.03 (sions for UNIX systems, Macintoshes, and PCs\051 are prima-) 53.86 629.48 B
0.25 0.18 (rily responsible for managing the local details of the user) 53.86 618.48 B
0.25 0.02 (interface. Guided mostly by commands from the server) 53.86 607.48 B
0.25 0.02 (, the) 277.26 607.48 B
0.04 (client displays windows on the user) 53.86 596.48 P
0.04 (\325) 196.93 596.48 P
0.04 (s screen, conveys infor-) 199.71 596.48 P
-0.17 (mation about user input actions back to the server) 53.86 585.48 P
-0.17 (, and sends) 250.98 585.48 P
0.25 0.03 (and receives audio and video data via IP multicast. The cli-) 53.86 574.48 B
0.25 0.01 (ent employs no knowledge about network places, their con-) 53.86 563.48 B
-0.04 (tents, their behavior) 53.86 552.48 P
-0.04 (, or even other users; rather) 133.09 552.48 P
-0.04 (, it is a more-) 241.91 552.48 P
0.25 0.24 (or) 53.86 541.48 B
0.25 0.24 (-less straightforward engine for manipulating the local) 62.47 541.48 B
0.25 0.04 (machine\325) 53.86 530.48 B
0.25 0.04 (s I/O devices under the direction of the server and) 90.84 530.48 B
0.25 0.12 (the user) 53.86 519.48 B
0.25 0.12 (. All of the semantics of the various actions it per-) 85.9 519.48 B
(forms is carried in the server) 53.86 508.48 T
(\325) 168.92 508.48 T
(s code and the user) 171.7 508.48 T
(\325) 248.16 508.48 T
(s mind.) 250.94 508.48 T
0.25 0.28 (The server/client windowing protocol is relatively high-) 53.86 489.48 B
0.25 0.29 (level and low-bandwidth, especially in comparison to X) 53.86 478.48 B
0.07 (windows and similar systems [9]. W) 53.86 467.48 P
0.07 (indows are described to) 199.9 467.48 P
-0.01 (the client as a tree of high-level widgets, drawn from a \336xed) 53.86 456.48 P
0.25 0.23 (set of about 20 def) 53.86 445.48 B
0.25 0.23 (ined in the protocol. The client imple-) 133.02 445.48 B
0.25 0 (ments these widgets in terms of native facilities on the plat-) 53.86 434.48 B
0.25 0.11 (form, informing the server only of high-level user actions,) 53.86 423.48 B
0.25 0.04 (such as pushing a button, releasing a slider) 53.86 412.48 B
0.25 0.04 (, etc. Some wid-) 228.18 412.48 B
0.25 0.11 (gets, as described later) 53.86 401.48 B
0.25 0.11 (, directly support various aspects of) 147.38 401.48 B
(audio/video communication.) 53.86 390.48 T
0.14 (Note that it may be computationally expensive for clients to) 53.86 371.48 P
0.25 0.09 (capture, compress, and transmit audio and video data. Par-) 53.86 360.48 B
0.25 0.03 (ticularly in the case of video, which provides an essentially) 53.86 349.48 B
0.25 0.24 (constant stream of new data, we would like to be able to) 53.86 338.48 B
0.25 0.09 (avoid any of this processing during times when there were) 53.86 327.48 B
(no active receivers.) 53.86 316.48 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.2 (Requirement:) 64.66 301.14 B
4 F
0.25 0.2 ( Even if security considerations would) 125.12 301.14 B
-0.25 (permit others to receive transmissions, we should avoid) 64.66 290.64 P
0.25 0.28 (preparing and sending them unless those transmis-) 64.66 280.14 B
(sions would actually be used by someone.) 64.66 269.64 T
1 F
(The Jupiter Server) 53.86 248.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 (The main server is substantially more complex and general) 53.86 236.47 B
-0.01 (than the client. An instance of the LambdaMOO server soft-) 53.86 225.47 P
0.25 0.08 (ware used in a number of MUDs \050multi-user dungeons\051 on) 53.86 214.47 B
0.25 0.22 (the Internet [4], it accepts and manages network connec-) 53.86 203.47 B
0.25 0.15 (tions, maintains an object-oriented database, and, often in) 53.86 192.47 B
0.25 0.16 (response to user commands and client protocol messages,) 53.86 181.47 B
(executes code stored in the database.) 53.86 170.47 T
0.25 0.14 (The database contains a variety of objects, including their) 53.86 151.47 B
0.25 0.3 (methods and instance variables. Some of these database) 53.86 140.47 B
0.25 0.09 (objects model so-called) 53.86 129.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.09 (world objects) 153.69 129.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.09 (: virtually \324tangible\325,) 209.28 129.47 B
0.25 0.14 (user) 53.86 118.47 B
0.25 0.14 (-visible objects like places, the things in those places,) 70.89 118.47 B
0.25 0.05 (and even the individual users. The last of these, the objects) 53.86 107.47 B
0.25 0.35 (modelling users, have particular importance in the A/V) 53.86 96.47 B
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
-0.04 (architecture; we call them) 317.48 731.47 P
0 F
-0.04 (user objects) 423.38 731.47 P
2 F
-0.04 ( and discuss their role) 471.39 731.47 P
(later in the paper) 317.48 720.47 T
(.) 384.41 720.47 T
0.25 0.29 (Other objects in the database are essentially invisible to) 317.48 701.47 B
0.05 (users, being programming libraries or other parts of the pro-) 317.48 690.47 P
(gramming infrastructure.) 317.48 679.47 T
0.25 0.22 (All code for object methods is written in MOO, a simple) 317.48 660.48 B
0.25 0.12 (interpreted language. Essentially all of the Jupiter) 317.48 649.48 B
0.25 0.12 (-specif) 523.59 649.48 B
0.25 0.12 (ic) 551.08 649.48 B
(code in the server is in the database, written in MOO.) 317.48 638.48 T
0.14 (All aspects of the MOO database are mutable during execu-) 317.48 619.48 P
0.25 0.35 (tion; objects may be created or destroyed, methods and) 317.48 608.48 B
0.25 0.02 (instance variables added, modif) 317.48 597.48 B
0.25 0.02 (ied, or removed. Further) 444.86 597.48 B
0.25 0.02 (, all) 543.1 597.48 B
0.25 0.29 (users are allowed to perform any of these actions at any) 317.48 586.48 B
0.09 (time, allowing them to add to and customize the system to a) 317.48 575.48 P
(substantial degree.) 317.48 564.48 T
0.25 0.05 (W) 317.48 545.48 B
0.25 0.05 (e conceptually distinguish certain objects that implement) 326.17 545.48 B
0.25 0.1 (very general, basic facilities, such as the server side of the) 317.48 534.48 B
0.25 0.34 (window system\325) 317.48 523.48 B
0.25 0.34 (s widget toolkit, from more specialized) 387.73 523.48 B
0.25 0.08 (objects that implement specif) 317.48 512.48 B
0.25 0.08 (ic tools or other uses of those) 437.4 512.48 B
0.25 0.17 (facilities. When maintained by the system administrators,) 317.48 501.48 B
0.25 0.33 (we call the f) 317.48 490.48 B
0.25 0.33 (irst kind) 371.14 490.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.33 (cor) 410.51 490.48 B
0.25 0.33 (e objects;) 424.47 490.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.33 ( we refer to the other) 466.63 490.48 B
0.25 0.35 (objects as) 317.48 479.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.35 (applications) 363.47 479.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.35 (. In general, applications are not) 417.1 479.48 B
0.25 0.07 (maintained by the system administrators; any user can cre-) 317.48 468.48 B
(ate them.) 317.48 457.48 T
0.25 0.41 (As a security measure, each MOO object, method, and) 317.48 438.48 B
0.25 0.13 (instance variable is) 317.48 427.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.13 (owned) 400.13 427.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.13 ( by some specif) 426.9 427.48 B
0.25 0.13 (ied user and has) 491.56 427.48 B
0.25 0.52 (associated permission settings that control the access) 317.48 416.48 B
0.04 (allowed to all other users. Users and the code they own may) 317.48 405.48 P
0.25 0.4 (not, in general, modify or destroy objects, methods, or) 317.48 394.48 B
0.25 0.2 (instance variables owned by others and, in some cases as) 317.48 383.48 B
(speci\336ed by the owner) 317.48 372.48 T
(, may not even inspect them.) 407.34 372.48 T
0.25 0.2 (This multiplicity of, in general, mutually untrusting code) 317.48 353.48 B
0.25 0.19 (authors leads to situations where a method owned by one) 317.48 342.48 B
0.25 0.18 (user is called by a method owned by someone else. If the) 317.48 331.48 B
0.25 0.13 (author of the callee is malicious or even just incompetent,) 317.48 320.48 B
0.18 (this call might signal an error or never return, causing prob-) 317.48 309.48 P
-0.16 (lems for the caller) 317.48 298.48 P
-0.16 (. Often, though, the caller does not need or) 388.92 298.48 P
-0.23 (expect any returned value; the call is just a one-way) 317.48 287.48 P
0 F
-0.23 (noti\336ca-) 525.09 287.48 P
0.16 (tion) 317.48 276.47 P
2 F
0.16 ( of some condition or event. W) 333.04 276.47 P
0.16 (e have added a facility to) 457.36 276.47 P
0.25 0.29 (our database supporting asynchronous, one-way method) 317.48 265.47 B
0.25 0.31 (calls; these provide a guaranteed safe way for callers to) 317.48 254.47 B
(make such noti\336cations.) 317.48 243.47 T
1 9 Q
(THE SECURITY/TRUST MODEL) 317.48 222.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 (In our thinking about network places, we have not limited) 317.48 210.47 B
-0.23 (ourselves to scenarios where all of the users necessarily trust) 317.48 199.47 P
0.25 0.24 (one another fully) 317.48 188.47 B
0.25 0.24 (. W) 389.76 188.47 B
0.25 0.24 (e do expect that the vast majority of) 404.38 188.47 B
0.23 (users will behave well in the vast majority of situations, but) 317.48 177.47 P
0.25 0.4 (we wish to maintain our generality by not treating this) 317.48 166.47 B
0.25 0.26 (expectation as an assumption. This section discusses the) 317.48 155.47 B
(design requirements that this desire for generality imposes.) 317.48 144.47 T
0.25 0.28 (In our analysis of the security issues in Jupiter) 317.48 125.47 B
0.25 0.28 (, we have) 517.66 125.47 B
0.25 0.3 (identif) 317.48 114.47 B
0.25 0.3 (ied f) 345.15 114.47 B
0.25 0.3 (ive classes of) 364.42 114.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.3 (principals) 425.52 114.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.3 (, entities with distin-) 469.1 114.47 B
(guishable agency or intent:) 317.48 103.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 90.47 T
2 10 Q
(users,) 328.28 90.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 77.47 T
2 10 Q
(their Jupiter client software,) 328.28 77.47 T
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(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
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(\245) 53.86 731.47 T
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(objects maintained by users,) 64.66 731.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 718.47 T
2 10 Q
(objects maintained by the system administrators, and) 64.66 718.47 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 705.47 T
2 10 Q
(external eavesdroppers.) 64.66 705.47 T
0.25 0.28 (For the purpose of driving the design of the audio/video) 53.86 686.47 B
0.25 0.2 (architecture, the key security issue revolves around trust.) 53.86 675.47 B
0.25 0.08 (W) 53.86 664.47 B
0.25 0.08 (e need to know which principals must trust which others) 62.58 664.47 B
0.25 0.19 (to keep what guarantees. The general applicability of our) 53.86 653.48 B
0.25 0.26 (design is improved whenever we can reduce the level of) 53.86 642.48 B
0.25 0.21 (trust required without also reducing the usefulness of the) 53.86 631.48 B
(system.) 53.86 620.48 T
0.25 0.08 (Users must trust their own clients, like other software they) 53.86 601.48 B
0.25 0.05 (run on their local machines, more-or) 53.86 590.48 B
0.25 0.05 (-less absolutely: not to) 202.69 590.48 B
0.25 0.07 (damage their local computational resources, not to deceive) 53.86 579.48 B
0.25 0.01 (them about what local resources are being accessed in what) 53.86 568.48 B
0.25 0.11 (way) 53.86 557.48 B
0.25 0.11 (, etc. The client is the user) 70.19 557.48 B
0.25 0.11 (\325) 180.21 557.48 B
0.25 0.11 (s only representative to the) 183.1 557.48 B
-0.19 (rest of the system, the sole conduit for the user) 53.86 546.48 P
-0.19 (\325) 239.16 546.48 P
-0.19 (s expressions) 241.94 546.48 P
0.02 (of intent. W) 53.86 535.48 P
0.02 (e therefore equate the client with the user) 101.14 535.48 P
0.02 (, mer) 266.08 535.48 P
0.02 (g-) 286.47 535.48 P
0.25 0.08 (ing them into a single ef) 53.86 524.48 B
0.25 0.08 (fective principal for the remainder) 153.88 524.48 B
(of the analysis.) 53.86 513.48 T
0.25 0.3 (Users need not trust the server and its maintainers com-) 53.86 494.48 B
0.03 (pletely) 53.86 483.48 P
0.03 (. Of course, the system maintainers can inspect, mod-) 80.43 483.48 P
-0.17 (ify) 53.86 472.48 P
-0.17 (, or destroy anything \322owned\323 by users in the database, so) 64.32 472.48 P
0.25 0 (users must certainly trust them to the degree that they value) 53.86 461.48 B
0.25 0.2 (what is stored there. W) 53.86 450.48 B
0.25 0.2 (e assume therefore that users only) 151.14 450.48 B
0.25 0.1 (give information to the server that they trust it to maintain) 53.86 439.48 B
(for them.) 53.86 428.48 T
0.25 0.15 (The system maintainers do not,) 53.86 409.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.15 (a priori) 187.55 409.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.15 (, have any control) 219.84 409.48 B
0.25 0.1 (over the local resources of the user) 53.86 398.48 B
0.25 0.1 (, including in particular) 197.85 398.48 B
(the A/V capture and display devices on the user) 53.86 387.48 T
(\325) 245.3 387.48 T
(s machine.) 248.08 387.48 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.08 (Requirement:) 64.66 372.14 B
4 F
0.25 0.08 ( The design should keep as much local) 123.67 372.14 B
0.22 (device control as possible in the hands of the user; the) 64.66 361.64 P
-0.14 (server should not control, for example, whether or not a) 64.66 351.14 P
0.01 (user) 64.66 340.64 P
0.01 (\325) 82.5 340.64 P
0.01 (s audio or video signals are transmitted to the net-) 84.33 340.64 P
(work.) 64.66 330.14 T
2 10 Q
-0.23 (User) 53.86 310.98 P
-0.23 (-maintained applications embody) 72.54 310.98 P
-0.23 (, in ef) 204.75 310.98 P
-0.23 (fect, the intent of) 227.17 310.98 P
0.25 0.35 (the user who created them; through the appearance and) 53.86 299.98 B
0.25 0.35 (behavior of an application, authors make both tacit and) 53.86 288.98 B
0.25 0.38 (explicit statements about what guarantees they of) 53.86 277.97 B
0.25 0.38 (fer to) 271.24 277.97 B
0.25 0.28 (users. For example, consider the two-person A/V tunnel) 53.86 266.97 B
0.25 0.44 (application described earlier) 53.86 255.97 B
0.25 0.44 (. In addition to other) 180 255.97 B
0.25 0.44 (, less) 272.33 255.97 B
0.25 0.23 (explicit guarantees, it is represented as providing private) 53.86 244.97 B
(communications between its two users.) 53.86 233.97 T
0.25 0.12 (Before a user can believe these statements, he or she must) 53.86 214.97 B
0.25 0.2 (f) 53.86 203.97 B
0.25 0.2 (irst trust the application\325) 56.84 203.97 B
0.25 0.2 (s author to honestly present and) 160.46 203.97 B
0.25 0.04 (correctly implement their intent. How easily such trust will) 53.86 192.97 B
0.25 0.02 (be granted is a function of the reputations of the author and) 53.86 181.97 B
-0.16 (application, and of what users have at stake if that trust turns) 53.86 170.97 P
(out to be misplaced.) 53.86 159.97 T
-0.15 (The MOO object system and programming language make a) 53.86 140.97 P
0.25 0.22 (fundamental security guarantee, that code written by one) 53.86 129.97 B
0.25 0.09 (user cannot modify) 53.86 118.97 B
0.25 0.09 (, destroy) 132.6 118.97 B
0.25 0.09 (, or in some cases even inspect) 167.48 118.97 B
(data owned by any other user) 53.86 107.97 T
(.) 170.78 107.97 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.1 (Requirement:) 64.66 92.64 B
4 F
0.25 0.1 ( Users of an application should only be) 123.87 92.64 B
(putting at risk data that they explicitly make available.) 64.66 82.14 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
2 10 Q
0.25 0.28 (Returning to the A/V tunnel example, a user should risk) 317.48 731.47 B
0.25 0.11 (only whatever audio and video signals he or she explicitly) 317.48 720.47 B
-0.05 (enables the application to access; the application should not,) 317.48 709.47 P
0.25 0.06 (in particular) 317.48 698.47 B
0.25 0.06 (, somehow gain access to the user) 366.7 698.47 B
0.25 0.06 (\325) 505.77 698.47 B
0.25 0.06 (s other data.) 508.61 698.47 B
0.19 (Given this, a user might reasonably be willing to use even a) 317.48 687.47 P
0.25 0.01 (completely unknown \050and therefore completely untrustwor-) 317.48 676.47 B
-0.23 (thy\051 tunnel application for communications that are not at all) 317.48 665.47 P
0.25 0.29 (sensitive. If the application works at all according to its) 317.48 654.48 B
0.25 0.12 (stated guarantees, the user will succeed in communicating) 317.48 643.48 B
0.25 0.12 (with the intended party) 317.48 632.48 B
0.25 0.12 (. At worst, no such communication) 412.93 632.48 B
0.04 (will take place and the harmless A/V signals may have been) 317.48 621.48 P
(distributed arbitrarily widely) 317.48 610.48 T
(.) 431.82 610.48 T
0.25 0.39 (The code and objects maintained by the Jupiter system) 317.48 591.48 B
-0.17 (administrators are shared resources, providing services to all) 317.48 580.48 P
0.06 (users, both individually and as a group. Clearly) 317.48 569.48 P
0.06 (, the applica-) 506.38 569.48 P
0.25 0.2 (bility and robustness of the system is greatly improved if) 317.48 558.48 B
(these) 317.48 547.48 T
0 F
(cor) 340.53 547.48 T
(e objects) 353.49 547.48 T
2 F
( are not required to trust the users.) 388.76 547.48 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.58 (Requirement:) 328.28 532.14 B
4 F
0.25 0.58 ( Core objects should be protected) 393.24 532.14 B
0.25 0.04 (against misbehavior by any user) 328.28 521.64 B
0.25 0.04 (, client, or application.) 458.96 521.64 B
0.25 0.29 (In addition, misbehavior by any one user should be) 328.28 511.14 B
0.25 0.25 (prevented, to the extent possible, from reducing the) 328.28 500.64 B
(usefulness of the system to others.) 328.28 490.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.09 (Finally) 317.48 470.98 B
0.25 0.09 (, we consider the trust situation for user) 345.84 470.98 B
0.25 0.09 (-maintained) 509.7 470.98 B
0.25 0.14 (applications. Since the very essence of an application, the) 317.48 459.98 B
0.25 0.15 (code and data in its objects, is totally under the control of) 317.48 448.98 B
0.25 0.07 (the server \050and thus of the system administrators\051, applica-) 317.48 437.98 B
0.25 0.14 (tions must fundamentally trust the server and core objects) 317.48 426.98 B
-0.1 (absolutely) 317.48 415.98 P
-0.1 (. Users and other applications, however) 357.94 415.98 P
-0.1 (, cannot be) 515.03 415.98 P
0.25 0.04 (so relied upon; robust applications must protect themselves) 317.48 404.98 B
(against misbehavior by these principals.) 317.48 393.98 T
1 9 Q
0.25 0.06 (Requirement:) 328.28 378.64 B
4 F
0.25 0.06 ( The same basic MOO security guaran-) 387.01 378.64 B
0.25 0.07 (tees described for users should apply as well to appli-) 328.28 368.14 B
0.25 0.78 (cations; they should only be risking release of) 328.28 357.64 B
(information that they explicitly reveal.) 328.28 347.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 (Of course, any information that a user presents to an appli-) 317.48 327.98 B
0.25 0.01 (cation must in general also be treated as untrustworthy; this) 317.48 316.98 B
(is rarely) 317.48 305.98 T
(, however) 349.32 305.98 T
(, a threat to the integrity of applications.) 388.35 305.98 T
0.02 (The \336nal principal to consider is external eavesdroppers. By) 317.48 286.98 P
-0.12 (and lar) 317.48 275.97 P
-0.12 (ge, the use of encryption on all Jupiter network traf) 344.67 275.97 P
-0.12 (\336c) 548.42 275.97 P
-0.22 (is suf) 317.48 264.97 P
-0.22 (\336cient to thwart such unauthorized listening. W) 338.47 264.97 P
-0.22 (e do not) 526.64 264.97 P
(further consider eavesdroppers as a threat.) 317.48 253.97 T
1 9 Q
(AN OVER) 317.48 232.64 T
(VIEW OF THE ARCHITECTURE) 358.32 232.64 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.11 (The earlier sections of the paper lay out in some detail the) 317.48 220.97 B
0.25 0.01 (context for our redesign of the Jupiter audio/video architec-) 317.48 209.97 B
0.25 0.35 (ture. In this section, we describe the new design in two) 317.48 198.97 B
-0.01 (parts. First, we describe four new user interface components) 317.48 187.97 P
0.25 0.2 (that together provide users with the levels of information) 317.48 176.97 B
0.25 0.13 (and control indicated by the earlier requirements analysis.) 317.48 165.97 B
0.25 0.18 (W) 317.48 154.97 B
0.25 0.18 (e then give a high-level introduction to the key compo-) 326.3 154.97 B
0.25 0.28 (nents of the programming interface provided to applica-) 317.48 143.97 B
0.25 0.88 (tions. The next section presents the details of the) 317.48 132.97 B
(programming interface.) 317.48 121.97 T
1 9 Q
(The User Interface) 317.48 100.64 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 (All transmission of a client\325) 317.48 88.97 B
0.25 0.13 (s audio and video signals, and) 433.39 88.97 B
0.25 0.03 (all audio and video output to a client\325) 317.48 77.97 B
0.25 0.03 (s local devices, is tied) 469.36 77.97 B
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
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FMENDPAGE
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(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(6/12) 540.64 56.83 T
2 F
0.25 0.03 (to widgets that Jupiter applications may include in the win-) 53.86 596.36 B
0.25 0.01 (dows they open on the user) 53.86 585.36 B
0.25 0.01 (\325) 164.87 585.36 B
0.25 0.01 (s display) 167.66 585.36 B
0.25 0.01 (. In this way) 202.62 585.36 B
0.25 0.01 (, users can) 252.28 585.36 B
0.25 0.05 (always easily control whether or not their audio or video is) 53.86 574.36 B
0.25 0.12 (being sent anywhere and to choose exactly which applica-) 53.86 563.36 B
0.25 0.01 (tions they are entrusting it to. It also makes it easy for them) 53.86 552.36 B
0.25 0.44 (to identify which applications are currently delivering) 53.86 541.36 B
-0.23 (images or sounds, and to shut them of) 53.86 530.36 P
-0.23 (f when they don\325) 203.71 530.36 P
-0.23 (t wish) 270.86 530.36 P
0.25 0.54 (to see or hear them. There are four new GUI widgets) 53.86 519.36 B
-0.24 (involved:) 53.86 508.36 P
0 F
-0.24 (cameras) 93.9 508.36 P
2 F
-0.24 (,) 127.78 508.36 P
0 F
-0.24 (micr) 132.54 508.36 P
-0.24 (ophones) 150.5 508.36 P
2 F
-0.24 (,) 183.83 508.36 P
0 F
-0.24 (video panes) 188.6 508.36 P
2 F
-0.24 (, and) 235.85 508.36 P
0 F
-0.24 (speakers) 257.31 508.36 P
2 F
-0.24 (.) 292.3 508.36 P
0.25 0.05 (Camera and Microphone widgets allow the user to monitor) 53.86 489.36 B
0.25 0.05 (and control the transmission of their local audio and video,) 53.86 478.36 B
0 (respectively) 53.86 467.36 P
0 (. These button-like widgets each contain an icon) 101.53 467.36 P
0.25 0.29 (\050provided by the user) 53.86 456.36 B
0.25 0.29 (\325) 146.28 456.36 B
0.25 0.29 (s client program\051 representing the) 149.34 456.36 B
0.25 0.22 (local audio or video device they control. As with normal) 53.86 445.36 B
0.25 0.03 (buttons, the application can provide its own textual label or) 53.86 434.36 B
-0.21 (other content in addition to the icon. When one of these wid-) 53.86 423.36 P
0.25 0.13 (gets is turned \322on\323, the icon\325) 53.86 412.36 B
0.25 0.13 (s foreground and background) 173.31 412.36 B
0.25 0.32 (colors are reversed, as shown in Figure) 53.86 401.36 B
0.25 0.32 (1, to signal that) 226.96 401.36 B
(audio/video is being sent.) 53.86 390.36 T
0.25 0.34 (Camera widgets act as relatively simple toggle buttons.) 53.86 371.36 B
0.25 0.14 (Each time the user clicks on them, they switch from on to) 53.86 360.36 B
0.25 0.05 (of) 53.86 349.36 B
0.25 0.05 (f and back. Microphone widgets support the same sort of) 62.11 349.36 B
0.25 0.07 (toggling, but they can also be used as) 53.86 338.36 B
0 F
0.25 0.07 (push-to-talk) 210.42 338.36 B
2 F
0.25 0.07 ( buttons.) 259.56 338.36 B
0.25 0.02 (In that case, pressing the button enables sending) 53.86 327.36 B
0 F
0.25 0.02 (only) 251.92 327.36 B
2 F
0.25 0.02 ( to the) 269.2 327.36 B
0.25 0.15 (destination associated with that widget, temporarily inter-) 53.86 316.36 B
-0.06 (rupting transmissions associated with any other \322on\323 Micro-) 53.86 305.36 P
0.25 0.02 (phone widgets for that device. When the mouse is released,) 53.86 294.36 B
0.25 0.11 (the interrupted transmissions are resumed. Because of this) 53.86 283.36 B
0.17 (press-to-talk functionality) 53.86 272.36 P
0.17 (, users must hold down a shift key) 156.97 272.36 P
0.25 0.46 (while clicking on Microphones in order to \322lock them) 53.86 261.36 B
(down\323 like Camera widgets.) 53.86 250.36 T
-0.18 (In the process of turning a Camera or Microphone widget on) 53.86 231.36 P
0.25 0.14 (or of) 53.86 220.36 B
0.25 0.14 (f, there may be some latency introduced to notify the) 73.78 220.36 B
0.25 0.26 (server and acquire the appropriate multicast address and) 53.86 209.36 B
0.25 0.29 (encryption key information. This is ref) 53.86 198.36 B
0.25 0.29 (lected in the user) 221.01 198.36 B
0.25 0.02 (interface by switching background of the widget\325) 53.86 187.36 B
0.25 0.02 (s icon to a) 253.01 187.36 B
0.25 0.12 (stippled color f) 53.86 176.36 B
0.25 0.12 (irst, to show that the request is in progress;) 116.21 176.36 B
0.25 0.16 (later) 53.86 165.36 B
0.25 0.16 (, it switches either to the reversed icon, if turning the) 72.05 165.36 B
0.25 0.11 (widget on, or to the normal one, if turning it of) 53.86 154.36 B
0.25 0.11 (f. The stip-) 249 154.36 B
0.25 0.07 (pled background signals the user that their request is being) 53.86 143.36 B
0.25 0.17 (processed, but that the audio or video transmission hasn\325) 53.86 132.36 B
0.25 0.17 (t) 292.02 132.36 B
0.25 0.04 (actually changed state yet. This latency is typically under a) 53.86 121.36 B
0.25 0.35 (second, which is satisfactory for most cases but not for) 53.86 110.36 B
0.25 0.05 (push-to-talk. As described later) 53.86 99.36 B
0.25 0.05 (, our design allows push-to-) 181.19 99.36 B
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0.25 0.06 (irst) 281.85 88.36 B
(time they are used.) 53.86 77.36 T
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2 10 Q
(Of) 119.52 722 T
(f:) 129.89 722 T
(Pending:) 100.44 681.75 T
(On:) 121 641.5 T
53.86 610.58 294.8 621.92 R
7 X
V
5 F
0 X
(Figur) 71.53 615.25 T
(e 1:) 95.24 615.25 T
2 F
(The three states of a Microphone widget.) 113 615.25 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
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2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.09 (Because users\325 own client programs provide the icon, they) 317.48 731.47 B
0.25 0.13 (can be sure that all genuine Camera and Microphone wid-) 317.48 720.47 B
-0.14 (gets will be recognizable; if there are no such widgets in any) 317.48 709.47 P
0.12 (of the Jupiter windows on the screen, or if all of them are in) 317.48 698.47 P
0.25 0.11 (the \322of) 317.48 687.47 B
0.25 0.11 (f\323 state, then the user knows that their audio and/or) 345.84 687.47 B
0.25 0.31 (video signal is not being transmitted. Further) 317.48 676.47 B
0.25 0.31 (, the client) 512.57 676.47 B
0.25 0.12 (guarantees that all Camera and Microphone widgets begin) 317.48 665.47 B
0.25 0.07 (in the \322of) 317.48 654.48 B
0.25 0.07 (f\323 state when the window containing them is f) 356.29 654.48 B
0.25 0.07 (irst) 545.43 654.48 B
0.25 0.1 (displayed, and only the user can turn them on. This means) 317.48 643.48 B
0.25 0.15 (that an explicit user action is always required before their) 317.48 632.48 B
0.25 0.23 (audio or video is transmitted. When such a button is dis-) 317.48 621.48 B
0.25 0.09 (played by an application, the user can decide whether they) 317.48 610.48 B
0.25 0.26 (trust that application enough to allow it to send audio or) 317.48 599.48 B
(video on their behalf.) 317.48 588.48 T
0.25 0.39 (V) 317.48 569.48 B
0.25 0.39 (ideoPane widgets are used to display incoming video) 324.49 569.48 B
0.25 0.12 (streams. Each V) 317.48 558.48 B
0.25 0.12 (ideoPane is associated with a single video) 384.39 558.48 B
0.25 0.38 (source at any given time. It resizes the incoming video) 317.48 547.48 B
0.25 0.04 (stream to f) 317.48 536.48 B
0.25 0.04 (it in the space available, if necessary) 360.65 536.48 B
0.25 0.04 (, and can be) 509.46 536.48 B
0.25 0.12 (set to display the video in either grayscale or color) 317.48 525.48 B
0.25 0.12 (. It also) 527.27 525.48 B
0.25 0.03 (takes care of any necessary dithering on displays of limited) 317.48 514.48 B
(depth.) 317.48 503.48 T
0.25 0.04 (A Speaker widget acts as a border around any other collec-) 317.48 484.48 B
0.25 0.11 (tion of widgets. The border highlights whenever the client) 317.48 473.48 B
-0.12 (plays audio from one of the sources associated with the wid-) 317.48 462.48 P
0.25 0.15 (get. The client will not play any audio stream through the) 317.48 451.48 B
0.25 0.22 (local speaker unless there is a Speaker widget associated) 317.48 440.48 B
0.25 0.13 (with the source of that stream in some open window) 317.48 429.48 B
0.25 0.13 (. This) 534.74 429.48 B
0.25 0.31 (ensures that users can always identify the source of any) 317.48 418.48 B
0.25 0.16 (audible sounds and also guarantees that they have control) 317.48 407.48 B
0.25 0.26 (over whether the sounds continue to be played: they can) 317.48 396.48 B
(simply close any of) 317.48 385.48 T
(fending windows.) 395.35 385.48 T
1 9 Q
(The Media Coordination System) 317.48 364.14 T
2 10 Q
0.05 (Not all Jupiter audio and video transmissions originate from) 317.48 352.48 P
-0.04 (users, and not all are received only by them. The new audio/) 317.48 341.48 P
0.25 0.12 (video coordination system thus generalizes away from the) 317.48 330.48 B
0.25 0.45 (specif) 317.48 319.48 B
0.25 0.45 (ic widgets described above, to the more abstract) 343.49 319.48 B
0.25 0.12 (notions of) 317.48 308.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.12 (sour) 362.02 308.48 B
0.25 0.12 (ces) 379.89 308.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.12 ( and) 393.01 308.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.12 (sinks) 413.52 308.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.12 (. For active Camera or Micro-) 434.1 308.48 B
-0.19 (phone widgets, the user) 317.48 297.48 P
-0.19 (\325) 411.72 297.48 P
-0.19 (s database object acts as a source; in) 414.5 297.48 P
0.08 (the case of Speakers and V) 317.48 286.48 P
0.08 (ideoPanes, the user object acts as) 425.29 286.48 P
0.25 0.08 (a sink. Other database objects may be sources and sinks as) 317.48 275.47 B
0.09 (well. An example from the applications mentioned earlier is) 317.48 264.47 P
-0.19 (the tape recorder object. It could be both a source and a sink,) 317.48 253.47 P
0.25 0.28 (depending on whether it was being used for playback or) 317.48 242.47 B
(recording.) 317.48 231.47 T
0.25 0.12 (A source can have several) 317.48 212.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.12 (devices) 428.74 212.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.12 ( associated with it; each) 459.01 212.47 B
-0.01 (one is capable of generating a stream of audio or video data.) 317.48 201.47 P
0.25 0.15 (For a user) 317.48 190.47 B
0.25 0.15 (, these devices correspond to the physical audio) 359.08 190.47 B
0.25 0.57 (and video inputs on their workstation. A virtual tape) 317.48 179.47 B
-0.18 (recorder object might have one device for each stream that it) 317.48 168.47 P
(is currently playing back.) 317.48 157.47 T
0.25 0.11 (Sources transmit to sinks through) 317.48 138.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.11 (channels) 458.96 138.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.11 (, an abstraction) 495.41 138.47 B
0.25 0.07 (in the database representing the pipes through which audio) 317.48 127.47 B
0.25 0.08 (and video streams f) 317.48 116.47 B
0.25 0.08 (low) 397.32 116.47 B
0.25 0.08 (. Channels have a) 411.92 116.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.08 (membership) 487.47 116.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.08 (, list-) 537.19 116.47 B
0.25 0.15 (ing the sources and sinks that are allowed to access them;) 317.48 105.47 B
0.25 0.1 (the membership list can be either static or dynamic. Chan-) 317.48 94.47 B
0.25 0.05 (nels with dynamic membership have an associated) 317.48 83.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.05 (channel) 526.45 83.47 B
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
FMENDPAGE
%%EndPage: "6" 6
%%Page: "7" 7
612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
[0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0]
[ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0]
[ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
[ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
7 FrameSetSepColors
FrameNoSep
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 52.16 558.42 63.5 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(7/12) 540.64 56.83 T
-0.22 (manager) 53.86 499.03 P
2 F
-0.22 (, an object that is responsible for notifying the coor-) 89.01 499.03 P
0.25 0.22 (dination system whenever the membership changes. Any) 53.86 488.03 B
0.25 0.18 (Jupiter object can act as a channel manager; for example,) 53.86 477.03 B
0.16 (each room in Jupiter might be manager for a channel whose) 53.86 466.03 P
0.25 0.37 (membership contains all of the user objects within that) 53.86 455.03 B
(room.) 53.86 444.03 T
0.25 0.31 (Sources, sinks, and channel managers never) 53.86 425.03 B
0.25 0.31 (, in general,) 243.4 425.03 B
0.25 0.04 (communicate with each other directly; instead, they all call) 53.86 414.03 B
0.25 0.12 (\050and are called by\051 a single, coordinating object called the) 53.86 403.03 B
0 F
-0.05 (key manager) 53.86 392.03 P
2 F
-0.05 (. The key manager is responsible for translating) 104.63 392.03 P
0.25 0.2 (the abstract requests made by these objects into actual IP) 53.86 381.03 B
0.25 0.07 (multicast addresses and encryption keys to use when send-) 53.86 370.03 B
0.16 (ing and receiving audio/video data. It also coordinates pass-) 53.86 359.03 P
(ing a small amount of) 53.86 348.03 T
0 F
(in-band) 143.58 348.03 T
2 F
( data from sources to sinks.) 174.69 348.03 T
-0.02 (A diagram of the communication patterns within the coordi-) 53.86 329.03 P
0.25 0.29 (nation system appears in Figure) 53.86 318.03 B
0.25 0.29 (2. The) 193.8 318.03 B
0 F
0.25 0.29 (transmitters) 224.37 318.03 B
2 F
0.25 0.29 ( and) 276.17 318.03 B
0 F
(r) 53.86 307.03 T
(eceivers) 57.38 307.03 T
2 F
( depicted there are described in the next section.) 90.14 307.03 T
1 9 Q
(DET) 53.86 285.7 T
(AILS OF THE PROGRAMMING INTERF) 71.19 285.7 T
(ACE) 234.7 285.7 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.11 (W) 53.86 274.03 B
0.25 0.11 (ith the context provided by the previous section, we can) 63.01 274.03 B
-0.04 (now describe in detail the programming interface to the new) 53.86 263.03 P
0.25 0.25 (media coordination system. In this section, we cover the) 53.86 252.03 B
-0.09 (interfaces provided to sources, sinks, and channel managers.) 53.86 241.03 P
0.25 0.36 (The next section describes the implementation of those) 53.86 230.03 B
0.06 (interfaces inside the key manager) 53.86 219.03 P
0.06 (. Applications\325 interface to) 187.41 219.03 P
0.25 0.08 (the four new widget types and the server) 53.86 208.03 B
0.25 0.08 (-side implementa-) 220.92 208.03 B
(tions of the widgets themselves are described thereafter) 53.86 197.03 T
(.) 275.2 197.03 T
1 9 Q
(Sources) 53.86 175.7 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.12 (The methods that sources call on the key manager and the) 53.86 164.03 B
0.25 0.15 (notif) 53.86 153.03 B
0.25 0.15 (ications that it sends back to them are summarized in) 72.94 153.03 B
0.2 (T) 53.86 142.03 P
0.2 (able) 59.27 142.03 P
0.2 (1. In all of the method calls, the source object itself is) 78.43 142.03 P
0.25 0.02 (passed to the key manager as an implicit parameter \050via the) 53.86 131.03 B
(MOO language\325) 53.86 120.03 T
(s built-in) 118.57 120.03 T
4 9 Q
(caller) 156.91 120.03 T
2 10 Q
( variable\051.) 178.41 120.03 T
0.06 (A source declares its intent to provide an A/V signal by cre-) 53.86 101.03 P
0.25 0.57 (ating a) 53.86 90.03 B
0 F
0.25 0.57 (transmitter) 88.34 90.03 B
2 F
0.25 0.57 ( and associating it with one of the) 139.04 90.03 B
0.02 (source\325) 53.86 79.03 P
0.02 (s devices. A source typically creates a transmitter for) 82.74 79.03 P
53.86 505.7 558.42 738.14 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
1.5 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
90 450 2.87 16.07 374.72 639.43 A
369.95 621.51 374.49 657.33 R
7 X
V
54.86 508.54 558.42 521.91 R
V
5 10 Q
0 X
(Figur) 106.6 515.24 T
(e 2:) 130.31 515.24 T
2 F
(Communication in the coordination system;) 148.08 515.24 T
4 9 Q
(D) 326.14 515.24 T
2 10 Q
( = device,) 332.64 515.24 T
4 9 Q
(T) 374.38 515.24 T
2 10 Q
( = transmitter) 379.88 515.24 T
(, and) 433.45 515.24 T
4 9 Q
(R) 455.39 515.24 T
2 10 Q
( = receiver) 461.89 515.24 T
(.) 504.18 515.24 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
242.11 655.5 M
255.23 655.5 242.93 649.36 255.14 649.38 D
N
242.11 655.5 238.01 655.5 2 L
N
242.11 623.35 M
255.23 623.35 242.93 629.49 255.14 629.47 D
N
242.11 623.35 238.01 623.35 2 L
N
90 450 2.87 16.07 237.6 639.43 A
370.21 655.5 M
357.09 655.5 369.39 649.36 357.18 649.38 D
N
370.21 655.5 374.31 655.5 2 L
N
370.21 623.35 M
357.09 623.35 369.39 629.49 357.18 629.47 D
N
370.21 623.35 374.31 623.35 2 L
N
255.04 649.38 357.18 649.38 2 L
N
255.04 629.48 357.24 629.48 2 L
N
137.5 528.87 475.63 684.5 18 RR
2 H
N
4 14 Q
(Channel) 280.63 635.12 T
1.5 H
90 450 2.87 16.07 374.72 591.43 A
369.95 573.51 374.49 609.33 R
7 X
V
242.11 607.5 M
255.23 607.5 242.93 601.36 255.14 601.38 D
0 X
N
242.11 607.5 238.01 607.5 2 L
N
242.11 575.35 M
255.23 575.35 242.93 581.49 255.14 581.47 D
N
242.11 575.35 238.01 575.35 2 L
N
90 450 2.87 16.07 237.6 591.43 A
370.21 607.5 M
357.09 607.5 369.39 601.36 357.18 601.38 D
N
370.21 607.5 374.31 607.5 2 L
N
370.21 575.35 M
357.09 575.35 369.39 581.49 357.18 581.47 D
N
370.21 575.35 374.31 575.35 2 L
N
255.04 601.38 357.18 601.38 2 L
N
255.04 581.48 357.24 581.48 2 L
N
(Channel) 280.63 587.12 T
4 12 Q
(T) 192.83 647.62 T
189.62 645.12 203.37 658.87 R
1 H
N
(R) 433.67 651 T
431.13 648.5 444.88 662.25 R
N
(T) 192.83 618.37 T
189.62 615.87 203.37 629.62 R
N
(T) 192.83 589.12 T
189.62 586.62 203.37 600.37 R
N
(T) 192.83 559.87 T
189.62 557.37 203.37 571.12 R
N
(R) 433.67 628.62 T
431.13 626.12 444.88 639.87 R
N
(R) 433.67 606.25 T
431.13 603.75 444.88 617.5 R
N
(R) 433.67 583.87 T
431.13 581.37 444.88 595.12 R
N
(R) 433.67 561.5 T
431.13 559 444.88 572.75 R
N
502.05 632 544.55 657 R
N
(Sink) 511.63 640.12 T
J
231.66 647.73 240.28 645.14 231.6 642.77 232.53 645.24 4 Y
V
[7.619 7.619] 3.81 I
203.37 652 M
224.99 650.85 206.84 646 232.52 645.24 D
N
J
422.36 657.41 431.13 655.37 422.61 652.46 423.39 654.98 4 Y
V
[7.968 7.968] 3.984 I
376.75 646.37 M
416.69 647.6 394.88 652.99 423.37 654.97 D
N
J
502.05 589 544.55 614 R
N
(Sink) 511.63 597.12 T
502.05 549.75 544.55 574.75 R
N
(Sink) 511.63 557.87 T
(Source) 72.87 641.06 T
66.88 632 116.87 658.87 R
N
(Source) 72.87 581.81 T
66.88 572.75 116.87 599.62 R
N
4 9 Q
(D) 118.69 589.94 T
117.25 588.53 126.62 597.9 R
N
(D) 118.69 576.44 T
117.25 575.03 126.62 584.4 R
N
(D) 118.44 642.44 T
117 641.03 126.37 650.4 R
N
J
180.96 654.43 189.62 652 180.99 649.47 181.88 651.96 4 Y
V
[7.004 7.004] 3.502 I
126.37 645.72 M
156.68 643.35 156.54 651.1 181.87 651.95 D
N
[0.966 4.832] 0.483 I
126.62 593.22 M
151.5 594.37 138.75 608.87 162.5 608.87 D
N
J
180.94 625.1 189.62 622.75 181.01 620.14 181.88 622.63 4 Y
V
[1.048 5.24] 0.524 I
162.62 608.72 M
177.41 609.07 169.18 620.67 181.86 622.63 D
N
J
180.26 597.78 188.87 595.15 180.18 592.82 181.13 595.28 4 Y
V
[1.048 5.24] 0.524 I
161.87 609.18 M
176.66 608.83 168.43 597.23 181.11 595.28 D
N
J
180.99 566.78 189.62 564.25 180.96 561.82 181.87 564.3 4 Y
V
[3.106 5.177] 1.553 I
126.62 579.72 M
156.71 580.55 156.54 565.76 181.87 564.29 D
N
J
231.62 637.05 240.34 634.84 231.77 632.09 232.6 634.6 4 Y
V
[0.924 4.619] 0.462 I
203.37 622.75 M
224.99 621.6 206.9 632.78 232.59 634.59 D
N
J
231.64 598.98 240.32 596.58 231.69 594.02 232.57 596.51 4 Y
V
[0.978 4.892] 0.489 I
203.37 593.5 M
224.99 592.35 206.87 595.91 232.56 596.5 D
N
J
231.63 588.63 240.4 586.62 231.9 583.68 232.67 586.2 4 Y
V
[3.011 5.018] 1.505 I
203.37 564.25 M
224.99 563.17 206.94 583 232.64 586.19 D
N
J
422.42 635.3 431.13 633 422.53 630.34 423.38 632.84 4 Y
V
[0.974 4.87] 0.487 I
405.5 621.12 M
422.82 621.34 409.18 631.18 423.36 632.83 D
N
[0.943 4.715] 0.472 I
377.32 632.81 M
400 634.37 378.75 620.12 406.39 621.15 D
N
J
422.45 613.05 431.12 610.62 422.49 608.09 423.37 610.57 4 Y
V
[0.912 4.558] 0.456 I
406.23 621.15 M
421.16 621.13 408.96 611.7 423.35 610.57 D
N
J
422.55 568.65 431.12 565.88 422.39 563.69 423.37 566.14 4 Y
V
[1.036 5.179] 0.518 I
377.2 599.43 M
417.14 600.66 394.94 569.5 423.38 566.12 D
N
J
422.39 590.42 431.12 588.25 422.57 585.46 423.38 587.97 4 Y
V
[2.873 4.788] 1.436 I
377.44 586.56 M
417.39 587.79 394.98 586.9 423.38 587.96 D
N
J
493.33 564.51 502.04 562.25 493.45 559.55 494.29 562.06 4 Y
V
[1.035 5.174] 0.517 I
444.88 565.87 M
484.84 567.1 465.38 561.65 494.3 562.04 D
N
J
493.29 598.19 502.04 596.12 493.52 593.24 494.3 595.76 4 Y
V
[3.132 5.219] 1.566 I
444.88 588.25 M
484.84 589.48 465.38 593.91 494.3 595.74 D
N
J
493.33 608.4 502.04 606.13 493.45 603.44 494.29 605.94 4 Y
V
[1.04 5.199] 0.52 I
444.88 610.62 M
484.84 611.85 465.38 605.64 494.3 605.93 D
N
J
493.35 651.43 502.05 649.12 493.45 646.46 494.3 648.96 4 Y
V
[6.282 6.282] 3.141 I
444.88 655.37 M
484.84 656.6 465.38 648.89 494.3 648.96 D
N
J
493.29 641.22 502.05 639.12 493.51 636.26 494.3 638.78 4 Y
V
[1.037 5.184] 0.518 I
444.88 633 M
484.84 634.23 465.38 637.15 494.3 638.77 D
N
J
4 14 Q
(The Key Manager) 250.63 534.5 T
4 12 Q
(Channel) 228.21 722 T
(Manager) 226.88 710 T
J
223.05 704.06 278.05 734.06 R
N
(Channel) 339.96 722 T
(Manager) 338.63 710 T
J
334.8 704.06 389.8 734.06 R
N
280.81 658.12 278.75 649.38 275.86 657.88 278.38 657.1 4 Y
V
250.55 704.06 M
252.34 685.86 275.23 688.92 278.39 657.1 D
N
341.05 609.91 338.25 601.38 336.11 610.1 338.54 609.1 4 Y
V
362.3 704.06 M
362.49 645.65 341.86 668.14 338.57 609.1 D
N
0 0 612 792 C
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.03 (each reason it might wish to send data; for users, for exam-) 317.48 262.2 B
0.25 0.16 (ple, there is one transmitter for each displayed Camera or) 317.48 251.2 B
(Microphone widget.) 317.48 240.2 T
0.25 0.05 (The) 317.48 221.2 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.05 (set_transmitter_channel\050\051) 335.99 221.2 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 ( method aims a transmitter at) 439.33 221.2 B
0.25 0.02 (a particular channel; sources may only do this if they are in) 317.48 210.2 B
-0.19 (that channel\325) 317.48 199.2 P
-0.19 (s current membership list. Attempts to aim any-) 368.67 199.2 P
0.25 0.2 (where else result in a) 317.48 188.2 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.2 (transmitters_rejected\050\051) 410.2 188.2 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.2 ( notif) 504.76 188.2 B
0.25 0.2 (ication;) 527.04 188.2 B
0.25 0.38 (this notif) 317.48 177.2 B
0.25 0.38 (ication is also sent if the channel membership) 356.87 177.2 B
0.25 0.2 (changes at some point and no longer includes the source.) 317.48 166.2 B
0.25 0.21 (The) 317.48 155.2 B
0 F
0.25 0.21 (channel) 336.62 155.2 B
2 F
0.25 0.21 ( ar) 369.75 155.2 B
0.25 0.21 (gument is either the object that will act as) 380.73 155.2 B
0.25 0.23 (channel manager for the channel, or a list of sources and) 317.48 144.2 B
0.25 0.23 (sinks that comprises the static membership. T) 317.48 133.2 B
0.25 0.23 (ransmitters) 511.64 133.2 B
-0.18 (may be aimed at only one channel at a time, but a source can) 317.48 122.2 P
(create multiple transmitters for the same device.) 317.48 111.2 T
0.25 0.25 (Sources identify which transmitters are active by calling) 317.48 92.2 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.25 (add_broadcaster\050\051) 317.48 81.2 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.25 ( and) 395.25 81.2 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.25 (remove_broadcaster\050\051) 416.43 81.2 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.25 (. The set of) 509.94 81.2 B
5 F
(Key manager methods called by sour) 323.48 494.2 T
(ces) 481.35 494.2 T
4 9 Q
(create_transmitter\050\051) 323.48 481.2 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 404.5 481.2 T
0 F
(transmitter) 416.87 481.2 T
4 9 Q
(set_transmitter_device\050) 323.48 468.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 417.01 468.2 T
2 F
(,) 461.06 468.2 T
0 F
(device) 466.06 468.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 491.6 468.2 T
(set_transmitter_channel\050) 323.48 455.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 422.52 455.2 T
2 F
(,) 466.57 455.2 T
0 F
(channel) 471.57 455.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 503.23 455.2 T
(add_broadcaster\050) 323.48 442.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 394.01 442.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 438.46 442.2 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 443.96 442.2 T
2 F
( {) 453.83 442.2 T
0 F
(addr) 461.13 442.2 T
(ess) 479.65 442.2 T
2 F
(,) 491.87 442.2 T
0 F
(key) 496.87 442.2 T
2 F
(}) 510.19 442.2 T
4 9 Q
(remove_broadcaster\050) 323.48 429.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 409.01 429.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 453.46 429.2 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 458.95 429.2 T
2 F
( {) 468.82 429.2 T
0 F
(addr) 476.12 429.2 T
(ess) 494.64 429.2 T
2 F
(,) 506.86 429.2 T
0 F
(key) 511.86 429.2 T
2 F
(}) 525.18 429.2 T
4 9 Q
(get_transmitter_address\050) 323.48 416.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 423.51 416.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 467.96 416.2 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 473.46 416.2 T
2 F
( {) 483.33 416.2 T
0 F
(addr) 490.63 416.2 T
(ess) 509.15 416.2 T
2 F
(,) 521.37 416.2 T
0 F
(key) 526.37 416.2 T
2 F
(}) 539.69 416.2 T
4 9 Q
(broadcast_value\050) 323.48 403.2 T
0 10 Q
(device) 392.51 403.2 T
2 F
(,) 418.05 403.2 T
0 F
(value) 423.05 403.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 444.71 403.2 T
(transmit_value\050) 323.48 390.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 384.99 390.2 T
2 F
(,) 429.04 390.2 T
0 F
(value) 434.04 390.2 T
2 F
(\051) 455.7 390.2 T
4 9 Q
(destroy_transmitter\050) 323.48 377.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitter) 403.5 377.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 447.95 377.2 T
5 10 Q
(Noti\336cations sent to sour) 323.48 364.2 T
(ces) 429.13 364.2 T
4 9 Q
(use_broadcast_address\050) 323.48 351.2 T
0 10 Q
(device) 422.52 351.2 T
2 F
(,) 448.06 351.2 T
0 F
(addr) 453.06 351.2 T
(ess) 471.58 351.2 T
2 F
(,) 483.8 351.2 T
0 F
(key) 488.8 351.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 502.12 351.2 T
(use_transmitter_address\050) 323.48 338.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitters) 425.51 338.2 T
2 F
(,) 473.85 338.2 T
0 F
(addr) 478.85 338.2 T
(ess) 497.37 338.2 T
2 F
(,) 509.59 338.2 T
0 F
(key) 514.59 338.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 527.91 338.2 T
(broadcast_has_receivers\050) 323.48 325.2 T
0 10 Q
(device) 427.02 325.2 T
2 F
(,) 452.55 325.2 T
0 F
(yes_or_no) 457.55 325.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 499.21 325.2 T
(transmitters_have_receivers\050) 323.48 312.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitters) 439.51 312.2 T
2 F
(,) 487.85 312.2 T
0 F
(yes_or_no) 492.85 312.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 534.51 312.2 T
(transmitters_rejected\050) 323.48 299.2 T
0 10 Q
(transmitters) 410.5 299.2 T
2 F
(,) 458.84 299.2 T
0 F
(channel) 463.84 299.2 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 495.5 299.2 T
5 10 Q
(T) 321.96 283.2 T
(able 1:) 327.71 283.2 T
2 F
(The programming interface provided for sources.) 358.82 283.2 T
317.48 502.74 317.48 294.99 2 L
V
0.25 H
0 Z
N
560.48 502.74 560.48 294.99 2 L
V
N
317.35 502.87 560.6 502.87 2 L
V
N
317.35 489.87 560.6 489.87 2 L
V
N
317.35 372.87 560.6 372.87 2 L
V
N
317.35 359.87 560.6 359.87 2 L
V
N
317.35 294.87 560.6 294.87 2 L
V
N
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
FMENDPAGE
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53.86 52.16 558.42 63.5 R
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(8/12) 540.64 56.83 T
2 F
0.25 0.22 (active transmitters for a particular device is known as its) 53.86 731.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.11 (br) 53.86 720.47 B
0.25 0.11 (oadcast set) 62.6 720.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.11 (. For Camera and Microphone widgets, these) 108.79 720.47 B
0.25 0.19 (calls are made as the widgets are toggled on and of) 53.86 709.47 B
0.25 0.19 (f. The) 269.72 709.47 B
0.25 0.12 (calls return a new multicast address and encryption key to) 53.86 698.47 B
0.25 0.26 (use for broadcasts from the device. The address and key) 53.86 687.47 B
0.05 (might also change as channel memberships change; the new) 53.86 676.47 P
0.25 0.17 (address and key are delivered to the source with the) 53.86 665.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.17 (use_) 274.78 665.47 B
(broadcast_address\050\051) 53.86 654.48 T
2 10 Q
( noti\336cation.) 136.39 654.48 T
0.25 0.28 (T) 53.86 635.48 B
0.25 0.28 (o support the push-to-talk functionality of Microphone) 59.55 635.48 B
0.01 (widgets, sources must also be able to request an address and) 53.86 624.48 P
0.25 0.45 (key for sending only to a particular channel. The) 53.86 613.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.45 (get_) 275.93 613.48 B
-0.02 (transmitter_address\050\051) 53.86 602.48 P
2 10 Q
-0.02 ( method returns this information. Once) 139.38 602.48 P
-0.24 (the address and key are assigned, the user) 53.86 591.48 P
-0.24 (\325) 219.15 591.48 P
-0.24 (s client can switch) 221.93 591.48 P
-0.11 (in and out of push-to-talk mode without any further commu-) 53.86 580.48 P
0.25 0.38 (nication with the server) 53.86 569.48 B
0.25 0.38 (, thus usually meeting our low-) 157.58 569.48 B
0.25 0.18 (latency goals. If the address or key ever changes due to a) 53.86 558.48 B
0.25 0.08 (change in channel membership, the key manager sends the) 53.86 547.48 B
4 9 Q
(use_transmitter_address\050\051) 53.86 536.48 T
2 10 Q
( noti\336cation.) 158.89 536.48 T
0.25 0.22 (T) 53.86 517.48 B
0.25 0.22 (o allow sources to avoid sending unnecessarily) 59.49 517.48 B
0.25 0.22 (, the key) 258.36 517.48 B
0.22 (manager keeps track of whether receivers, sinks\325 equivalent) 53.86 506.48 P
0.25 0.1 (of transmitters, currently exist for each source/device. The) 53.86 495.48 B
0.25 0.07 (key manager sends the) 53.86 484.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.07 (broadcast_has_receivers\050\051) 149.78 484.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.07 ( notif) 258.14 484.48 B
0.25 0.07 (ica-) 279.67 484.48 B
0.25 0.12 (tion whenever the set of receivers for a device\325) 53.86 473.48 B
0.25 0.12 (s broadcast) 248.66 473.48 B
0.25 0.17 (set starts or stops being empty;) 53.86 462.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.17 (transmitters_have_receiv-) 187.25 462.48 B
(ers\050\051) 53.86 451.48 T
2 10 Q
( is sent similarly for individual transmitters.) 72.35 451.48 T
0.2 (In addition to assigning addresses and keys for sending out-) 53.86 432.48 P
0.25 0.22 (of-band data, the key manager provides a mechanism for) 53.86 421.48 B
0.25 0.24 (sending small amounts of) 53.86 410.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.24 (in-band) 165.82 410.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.24 ( data. This is currently) 198.6 410.48 B
-0.04 (intended primarily as a means for sources to send a URL [2]) 53.86 399.48 P
0.25 0.27 (for some sound, image or video sequence that they wish) 53.86 388.48 B
0.25 0.22 (recipients to retrieve and display) 53.86 377.48 B
0.25 0.22 (. V) 192.21 377.48 B
0.25 0.22 (alues can be sent to a) 204.23 377.48 B
0.25 0.07 (device\325) 53.86 366.48 B
0.25 0.07 (s broadcast set using the) 83.21 366.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.07 (broadcast_value\050\051) 185.91 366.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.07 ( method,) 259.08 366.48 B
(or to a speci\336c channel using) 53.86 355.48 T
4 9 Q
(transmit_value\050\051) 172.73 355.48 T
2 10 Q
(.) 237.24 355.48 T
1 9 Q
(Sinks) 53.86 178.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.22 (The methods on the key manager called by sinks and the) 53.86 166.47 B
0.25 0.05 (notif) 53.86 155.47 B
0.25 0.05 (ications returned are summarized in T) 72.47 155.47 B
0.25 0.05 (able) 226.98 155.47 B
0.25 0.05 (2. Again, in) 246.42 155.47 B
(all method calls, the sink is passed as an implicit parameter) 53.86 144.47 T
(.) 290.23 144.47 T
0.25 0.13 (A sink declares its interest in receiving a particular audio/) 53.86 125.47 B
0.14 (video stream by creating a) 53.86 114.47 P
0 F
0.14 (r) 162.57 114.47 P
0.14 (eceiver) 166.09 114.47 P
2 F
0.14 ( and associating it with a) 194.96 114.47 P
0.25 0.06 (specif) 53.86 103.47 B
0.25 0.06 (ic signal being sent through some channel. For users,) 77.54 103.47 B
0.25 0.22 (each displayed V) 53.86 92.47 B
0.25 0.22 (ideoPane widget has a single associated) 126.12 92.47 B
5 F
(Key manager methods called by sinks) 59.86 332.48 T
4 9 Q
(create_receiver\050\051) 59.86 319.48 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 130.37 319.48 T
0 F
(r) 142.74 319.48 T
(eceiver) 146.26 319.48 T
4 9 Q
(aim_receiver\050) 59.86 306.48 T
0 10 Q
(r) 114.36 306.48 T
(eceiver) 117.88 306.48 T
2 F
(,) 146.35 306.48 T
0 F
(sour) 151.35 306.48 T
(ce) 168.76 306.48 T
2 F
(,) 177.64 306.48 T
0 F
(device) 182.64 306.48 T
2 F
(,) 208.18 306.48 T
0 F
( channel) 210.68 306.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 244.84 306.48 T
(unaim_receiver\050) 59.86 293.48 T
0 10 Q
(r) 124.37 293.48 T
(eceiver) 127.89 293.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 156.76 293.48 T
(destroy_receiver\050) 59.86 280.48 T
0 10 Q
(r) 129.37 280.48 T
(eceiver) 132.89 280.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 161.76 280.48 T
5 10 Q
(Noti\336cations sent to sinks) 59.86 267.47 T
4 9 Q
(use_receiver_addresses\050) 59.86 254.47 T
0 10 Q
(r) 160.89 254.47 T
(eceivers) 164.41 254.47 T
2 F
(,) 197.17 254.47 T
213.73 253.63 202.17 253.63 2 L
V
0.58 H
0 Z
N
1 8 Q
(list) 202.17 254.47 T
223.78 253.63 216.23 253.63 2 L
V
N
(of) 216.23 254.47 T
2 10 Q
( {) 223.78 254.47 T
0 F
(addr) 231.08 254.47 T
(ess) 249.6 254.47 T
2 F
(,) 261.82 254.47 T
0 F
(key) 266.82 254.47 T
2 F
(}\051) 280.14 254.47 T
4 9 Q
(receivers_have_transmitters\050) 59.86 241.47 T
0 10 Q
(r) 175.89 241.47 T
(eceivers) 179.41 241.47 T
2 F
(,) 212.16 241.47 T
0 F
(yes_or_no) 217.16 241.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 258.83 241.47 T
(receive_value\050) 59.86 228.47 T
0 10 Q
(r) 118.38 228.47 T
(eceivers) 121.9 228.47 T
2 F
(,) 154.65 228.47 T
0 F
(value) 159.65 228.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 181.32 228.47 T
(receivers_rejected\050) 59.86 215.47 T
0 10 Q
(r) 136.38 215.47 T
(eceivers) 139.9 215.47 T
2 F
(,) 172.65 215.47 T
0 F
(channel) 177.65 215.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 209.32 215.47 T
5 10 Q
(T) 63.06 199.47 T
(able 2:) 68.81 199.47 T
2 F
(The programming interface provided for sinks.) 99.92 199.47 T
53.86 341.02 53.86 211.27 2 L
V
0.25 H
N
296.86 341.02 296.86 211.27 2 L
V
N
53.73 341.14 296.98 341.14 2 L
V
N
53.73 328.14 296.98 328.14 2 L
V
N
53.73 276.14 296.98 276.14 2 L
V
N
53.73 263.14 296.98 263.14 2 L
V
N
53.73 211.14 296.98 211.14 2 L
V
N
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.25 (receiver and each Speaker widget has a set of associated) 317.48 731.47 B
(receivers.) 317.48 720.47 T
0.25 0.22 (The) 317.48 701.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.22 (aim_receiver\050\051) 336.65 701.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.22 ( method associates a receiver with the) 397.21 701.47 B
0.25 0.01 (signal from a particular source and device as sent through a) 317.48 690.47 B
0.25 0.54 (given channel. As with sources, sinks can only aim a) 317.48 679.47 B
0.04 (receiver at a channel if they are in its membership list. Aim-) 317.48 668.47 P
0.25 (ing elsewhere results in a later) 317.48 657.48 P
4 9 Q
0.25 (receivers_rejected\050\051) 442.83 657.48 P
2 10 Q
0.25 ( noti\336ca-) 522.34 657.48 P
(tion. Channels are speci\336ed as for sources.) 317.48 646.48 T
-0.22 (As new addresses and encryption keys are generated for par-) 317.48 627.48 P
0.25 0.85 (ticular receivers, sinks are sent the) 317.48 616.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.85 (use_receiver_) 491.66 616.48 B
0.25 0.52 (addresses\050\051) 317.48 605.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.52 ( notif) 370.67 605.48 B
0.25 0.52 (ication. This tells the sink the set of) 394.85 605.48 B
0.25 0.08 (addresses and keys the source will use to encrypt and send) 317.48 594.48 B
0.25 0.09 (out-of-band data. Since a source can switch between send-) 317.48 583.48 B
0.14 (ing to its broadcast set address and an individual transmitter) 317.48 572.48 P
0.25 0.09 (address without notifying the server) 317.48 561.48 B
0.25 0.09 (, the key manager pro-) 465.31 561.48 B
0.25 0.4 (vides both addresses to receivers when both have been) 317.48 550.48 B
(assigned.) 317.48 539.48 T
-0.25 (T) 317.48 520.48 P
-0.25 (o allow a sink to discard useless receivers, the key manager) 322.89 520.48 P
0.25 0.05 (sends the) 317.48 509.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.05 (receiver_has_transmitters\050\051) 357.96 509.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 ( notif) 468.95 509.48 B
0.25 0.05 (ication as the set) 490.37 509.48 B
(of corresponding transmitters starts and stops being empty) 317.48 498.48 T
(.) 550.42 498.48 T
0.25 0.36 (Sinks receive in-band information from sources via the) 317.48 479.48 B
4 9 Q
(receive_value\050\051) 317.48 468.48 T
2 10 Q
( noti\336cation.) 378.99 468.48 T
1 9 Q
(Channel Managers) 317.48 447.14 T
2 10 Q
0.01 (The third and \336nal kind of participant in media coordination) 317.48 435.48 P
-0.14 (is channel managers. Any object may be a channel manager;) 317.48 424.48 P
-0.16 (to do so, it must support the following key manager noti\336ca-) 317.48 413.48 P
(tion:) 317.48 402.48 T
4 9 Q
(channel_in_use\050) 328.28 389.48 T
0 10 Q
(yes_or_no) 394.31 389.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 435.97 389.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 (This is sent whenever the set of transmitters and receivers) 317.48 376.48 B
0.25 0.1 (aimed at this channel manager starts or stops being empty) 317.48 365.48 B
0.25 0.1 (.) 555.92 365.48 B
0.25 0.04 (When) 317.48 354.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.04 (yes_or_no) 344.3 354.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.04 ( is true, the channel manager should begin) 386.29 354.48 B
0.25 0.04 (informing the key manager of the membership of the chan-) 317.48 343.48 B
-0.17 (nel, both immediately and whenever it changes in the future.) 317.48 332.48 P
(The method used for this is) 317.48 321.48 T
4 9 Q
(set_channel_membership\050) 328.28 308.48 T
0 10 Q
(members) 434.32 308.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 470.42 308.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.2 (A given object can be a channel manager for at most one) 317.48 289.48 B
0.25 0.32 (channel, since the object serves as the channel\325) 317.48 278.47 B
0.25 0.32 (s unique) 522.32 278.47 B
0.25 0.66 (name in calls to) 317.48 267.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.66 (set_transmitter_channel\050\051) 395.22 267.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.66 ( and) 513.71 267.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.66 (aim_) 536.95 267.47 B
(receiver\050\051) 317.48 256.47 T
2 10 Q
(.) 355.48 256.47 T
0.25 0.13 (A member of a channel is presently allowed to be either a) 317.48 237.47 B
0.12 (source or a sink or both on that channel. Providing indepen-) 317.48 226.47 P
0.25 0.36 (dent source and sink membership lists might be useful,) 317.48 215.47 B
(though, and we are considering this change.) 317.48 204.47 T
5 F
(Key manager methods called by sour) 323.48 181.47 T
(ces and sinks) 481.35 181.47 T
4 9 Q
(watch_channel\050) 323.48 168.47 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 386.51 168.47 T
2 F
(,) 418.17 168.47 T
0 F
(aspects) 423.17 168.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 452.61 168.47 T
(channel_membership\050) 323.48 155.47 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 412.51 155.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 444.17 155.47 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 449.67 155.47 T
0 F
(members) 462.04 155.47 T
4 9 Q
(channel_transmitters\050) 323.48 142.47 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 410.01 142.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 441.67 142.47 T
6 10 Q
(\336) 447.16 142.47 T
471.09 141.63 459.53 141.63 2 L
V
0.58 H
N
1 8 Q
(list) 459.53 142.47 T
481.15 141.63 473.59 141.63 2 L
V
N
(of) 473.59 142.47 T
2 10 Q
( {) 481.15 142.47 T
0 F
(sour) 488.45 142.47 T
(ce) 505.86 142.47 T
2 F
(,) 514.74 142.47 T
0 F
(device) 519.74 142.47 T
2 F
(}) 545.28 142.47 T
5 F
(Noti\336cations sent to sour) 323.48 129.47 T
(ces and sinks) 429.13 129.47 T
4 9 Q
(channel_changed\050) 323.48 116.47 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 397.52 116.47 T
2 F
(,) 429.18 116.47 T
0 F
( aspect) 431.68 116.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 459.73 116.47 T
(watching_rejected\050) 323.48 103.47 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 399.01 103.47 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 430.67 103.47 T
5 10 Q
(T) 319.59 87.47 T
(able 3:) 325.34 87.47 T
2 F
(Programming interface for both sources and sinks.) 356.45 87.47 T
317.48 190.02 317.48 99.27 2 L
V
0.25 H
N
560.48 190.02 560.48 99.27 2 L
V
N
317.35 190.14 560.6 190.14 2 L
V
N
317.35 177.14 560.6 177.14 2 L
V
N
317.35 138.14 560.6 138.14 2 L
V
N
317.35 125.14 560.6 125.14 2 L
V
N
317.35 99.14 560.6 99.14 2 L
V
N
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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53.86 52.16 558.42 63.5 R
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(9/12) 540.64 56.83 T
1 9 Q
(Other Key Manager Services) 53.86 732.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.19 (The remaining methods and notif) 53.86 720.47 B
0.25 0.19 (ications provided by the) 193.39 720.47 B
0.14 (key manager are summarized in T) 53.86 709.47 P
0.14 (able) 190.23 709.47 P
0.14 (3. These methods are) 209.39 709.47 P
(typically used by both sources and sinks.) 53.86 698.47 T
0.25 0.25 (The) 53.86 679.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.25 (watch_channel\050\051) 73.15 679.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.25 ( method provides a way for sources) 142.91 679.47 B
0.25 0.15 (and sinks to be notif) 53.86 668.47 B
0.25 0.15 (ied of changes to various aspects of a) 138.5 668.47 B
0.14 (channel\325) 53.86 657.48 P
0.14 (s state, including the channel\325) 87.74 657.48 P
0.14 (s membership and the) 206.89 657.48 P
0.25 0.12 (set of transmitters aimed at the channel. W) 53.86 646.48 B
0.25 0.12 (atchers are sent) 230.91 646.48 B
0.25 0.18 (the) 53.86 635.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.18 (channel_changed\050\051) 69.53 635.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.18 ( notif) 149.55 635.48 B
0.25 0.18 (ication whenever any of their) 171.7 635.48 B
0.12 (speci\336ed) 53.86 624.48 P
0 F
0.12 (aspects) 92.03 624.48 P
2 F
0.12 ( changes. As in other methods, sources and) 121.47 624.48 P
-0.24 (sinks can only watch a channel when they are in its member-) 53.86 613.48 P
0.19 (ship. Otherwise, or should they later become excluded from) 53.86 602.48 P
-0.1 (the membership, they receive a) 53.86 591.48 P
4 9 Q
-0.1 (watching_rejected\050\051) 180.55 591.48 P
2 10 Q
-0.1 ( noti\336ca-) 259.07 591.48 P
(tion.) 53.86 580.48 T
-0.16 (Any source or sink that is a member of a channel can use the) 53.86 561.48 P
4 9 Q
0.25 0.29 (channel_membership\050\051) 53.86 550.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.29 ( method to discover the complete) 151.62 550.48 B
0.21 (membership; this method is on the key manager and not the) 53.86 539.48 P
0.25 0.01 (channel manager to prevent the latter from maliciously giv-) 53.86 528.48 B
0.25 0.1 (ing dif) 53.86 517.48 B
0.25 0.1 (ferent answers to dif) 81.04 517.48 B
0.25 0.1 (ferent sources and sinks. Mem-) 165.68 517.48 B
0.25 0.25 (bers can also use) 53.86 506.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.25 (channel_transmitters\050\051) 129.3 506.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.25 ( to f) 224.27 506.48 B
0.25 0.25 (ind out what) 241.57 506.48 B
(signals are available through a given channel.) 53.86 495.48 T
1 9 Q
(IMPLEMENTING THE KEY MANAGER) 53.86 474.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.37 (Fundamentally) 53.86 462.48 B
0.25 0.37 (, the key manager must maintain several) 117.98 462.48 B
0.25 0.02 (mappings that represent the current state of channels, trans-) 53.86 451.48 B
(mitters, devices, and receivers:) 53.86 440.48 T
7 F
(C) 64.66 427.48 T
2 F
( [) 69.86 427.48 T
0 F
(channel) 75.69 427.48 T
2 F
(]) 107.35 427.48 T
6 F
(\336) 113.18 427.48 T
(\341) 125.55 427.48 T
0 F
(members) 128.84 427.48 T
2 F
(,) 164.94 427.48 T
0 F
(addr) 169.94 427.48 T
(ess) 188.46 427.48 T
2 F
(,) 200.68 427.48 T
0 F
(key) 205.68 427.48 T
2 F
(,) 218.35 427.48 T
0 F
(watchers) 223.35 427.48 T
6 F
(\361) 259.46 427.48 T
7 F
(T) 64.66 414.48 T
2 F
( [) 69.66 414.48 T
0 F
(sour) 75.49 414.48 T
(ce, xmtr) 92.9 414.48 T
2 F
(]) 125.11 414.48 T
6 F
(\336) 130.94 414.48 T
(\341) 143.31 414.48 T
0 F
(device) 146.6 414.48 T
2 F
(,) 172.14 414.48 T
0 F
(channel) 177.14 414.48 T
2 F
(,) 208.8 414.48 T
0 F
(is_br) 213.8 414.48 T
(oadcaster) 233.99 414.48 T
6 F
(\361) 273.43 414.48 T
7 F
(D) 64.66 401.48 T
2 F
( [) 71.66 401.48 T
0 F
(sour) 77.49 401.48 T
(ce, device) 94.9 401.48 T
2 F
(]) 134.32 401.48 T
6 F
(\336) 140.15 401.48 T
(\341) 152.52 401.48 T
0 F
(addr) 155.81 401.48 T
(ess) 174.33 401.48 T
2 F
(,) 186.55 401.48 T
0 F
(key) 191.55 401.48 T
6 F
(\361) 204.87 401.48 T
7 F
(R) 64.66 388.48 T
2 F
( [) 70.66 388.48 T
0 F
(sink, r) 76.49 388.48 T
(cvr) 101.12 388.48 T
2 F
(]) 113.89 388.48 T
6 F
(\336) 119.72 388.48 T
(\341) 132.09 388.48 T
0 F
(sour) 135.38 388.48 T
(ce) 152.79 388.48 T
2 F
(,) 161.67 388.48 T
0 F
(device) 166.67 388.48 T
2 F
(,) 192.21 388.48 T
0 F
(channel) 197.21 388.48 T
6 F
(\361) 228.87 388.48 T
2 F
-0.17 (In most cases, it is easy to see how to update these mappings) 53.86 375.48 P
0.05 (for each of the key manager methods described in the previ-) 53.86 364.48 P
0.25 0.4 (ous section. The one exception is the) 53.86 353.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.4 (key) 220.92 353.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.4 ( f) 235.45 353.48 B
0.25 0.4 (ields, which) 241.78 353.48 B
0.25 0.22 (should be changed only when necessary) 53.86 342.48 B
0.25 0.22 (, a condition that) 223.01 342.48 B
0.25 0.08 (would be dif) 53.86 331.48 B
0.25 0.08 (f) 105.68 331.48 B
0.25 0.08 (icult \050or at least inef) 108.54 331.48 B
0.25 0.08 (f) 191.73 331.48 B
0.25 0.08 (icient\051 to test given only) 194.59 331.48 B
(the obvious representations of the mappings above.) 53.86 320.48 T
0.25 0.38 (It is more dif) 53.86 301.48 B
0.25 0.38 (f) 111.71 301.48 B
0.25 0.38 (icult to characterize the conditions under) 114.87 301.48 B
0.23 (which the various key manager noti\336cations should be sent,) 53.86 290.48 P
0.25 0.16 (especially as a function of the various method calls in the) 53.86 279.47 B
0.25 0.21 (public interface. For example, the) 53.86 268.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.21 (broadcast_has_receiv-) 199.83 268.47 B
0.25 0.01 (ers\050\051) 53.86 257.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.01 ( notif) 72.41 257.47 B
0.25 0.01 (ication should be sent for a given) 93.57 257.47 B
6 F
0.25 0.01 (\341) 230.97 257.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.01 (sour) 234.27 257.47 B
0.25 0.01 (ce) 251.73 257.47 B
2 F
0.25 0.01 (,) 260.63 257.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.01 (device) 265.9 257.47 B
6 F
0.25 0.01 (\361) 291.51 257.47 B
2 F
(pair exactly when the set) 53.86 246.47 T
({) 64.66 233.47 T
6 F
(\341) 69.46 233.47 T
0 F
(sink) 72.75 233.47 T
2 F
(,) 88.86 233.47 T
0 F
(r) 93.86 233.47 T
(cvr) 97.38 233.47 T
6 F
(\361) 110.15 233.47 T
2 F
( |) 113.44 233.47 T
6 F
($) 120.44 233.47 T
0 F
(channel) 125.93 233.47 T
2 F
(,) 157.59 233.47 T
0 F
(xmtr) 162.59 233.47 T
2 F
( .) 180.92 233.47 T
7 F
(R) 133.23 222.47 T
2 F
( [) 139.23 222.47 T
0 F
(sink, r) 145.06 222.47 T
(cvr) 169.69 222.47 T
2 F
(]) 182.46 222.47 T
(=) 158.74 211.47 T
6 F
(\341) 166.88 211.47 T
0 F
(sour) 170.17 211.47 T
(ce) 187.58 211.47 T
2 F
(,) 196.46 211.47 T
0 F
(device) 201.46 211.47 T
2 F
(,) 227 211.47 T
0 F
(channel) 232 211.47 T
6 F
(\361) 263.66 211.47 T
(\331) 269.45 211.47 T
7 F
(T) 133.23 200.47 T
2 F
( [) 138.23 200.47 T
0 F
(sour) 144.06 200.47 T
(ce, xmtr) 161.47 200.47 T
2 F
(]) 193.68 200.47 T
(=) 158.74 189.47 T
6 F
(\341) 166.88 189.47 T
0 F
(device) 170.17 189.47 T
2 F
(,) 195.71 189.47 T
0 F
(channel) 200.71 189.47 T
2 F
(,) 232.37 189.47 T
252.48 188.63 237.37 188.63 2 L
V
0.58 H
0 Z
N
1 8 Q
(true) 237.37 189.47 T
6 10 Q
(\361) 252.48 189.47 T
2 F
(}) 255.77 189.47 T
0.25 0.12 (transitions between empty and non-empty \050in either direc-) 53.86 176.47 B
-0.04 (tion\051. The simple mappings given above do not make it easy) 53.86 165.47 P
-0.18 (to read of) 53.86 154.47 P
-0.18 (f the current value of this set; worse, several dif) 91.64 154.47 P
-0.18 (fer-) 280.37 154.47 P
-0.01 (ent method calls can trigger the important transition, each in) 53.86 143.47 P
(a dif) 53.86 132.47 T
(ferent way) 71.73 132.47 T
(.) 113.56 132.47 T
-0.14 (W) 53.86 113.47 P
-0.14 (e attacked these problems by maintaining extra, redundant) 62.5 113.47 P
0.25 0.09 (information in the mappings that make it easier to read of) 53.86 102.47 B
0.25 0.09 (f) 291.47 102.47 B
0.25 0.18 (the important derived sets and relations. Each derived set) 53.86 91.47 B
0.25 0.12 (corresponds to a specif) 53.86 80.47 B
0.25 0.12 (ic set of notif) 148.83 80.47 B
0.25 0.12 (ications; when certain) 203.94 80.47 B
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.25 0.08 (key transitions occur in the values of these sets, the appro-) 317.48 731.47 B
0.25 0.37 (priate notif) 317.48 720.47 B
0.25 0.37 (ications are sent. In our implementation, we) 365.71 720.47 B
(maintain the following mappings dif) 317.48 709.47 T
(ferently:) 463.41 709.47 T
7 F
(C) 328.28 696.47 T
2 F
( [) 333.48 696.47 T
0 F
(channel) 339.31 696.47 T
2 F
(]) 370.97 696.47 T
6 F
(\336) 376.8 696.47 T
(\341) 389.17 696.47 T
0 F
(members) 392.46 696.47 T
2 F
(,) 428.56 696.47 T
0 F
(xmtrs) 433.56 696.47 T
2 F
(,) 455.78 696.47 T
0 F
(r) 460.78 696.47 T
(cvrs) 464.3 696.47 T
2 F
(,) 480.96 696.47 T
0 F
(addr) 485.96 696.47 T
(ess) 504.48 696.47 T
2 F
(,) 516.7 696.47 T
0 F
(key) 521.7 696.47 T
2 F
(,) 534.37 696.47 T
0 F
(watchers) 394.01 685.47 T
6 F
(\361) 430.12 685.47 T
7 F
(T) 328.28 672.47 T
2 F
( [) 333.28 672.47 T
0 F
(sour) 339.11 672.47 T
(ce, xmtr) 356.52 672.47 T
2 F
(]) 388.73 672.47 T
6 F
(\336) 394.56 672.47 T
(\341) 406.93 672.47 T
0 F
(device) 410.22 672.47 T
2 F
(,) 435.76 672.47 T
0 F
(channel) 440.76 672.47 T
2 F
(,) 472.42 672.47 T
0 F
(is_br) 477.42 672.47 T
(oadcaster) 497.61 672.47 T
6 F
(\361) 537.05 672.47 T
7 F
(D) 328.28 659.48 T
2 F
([) 337.48 659.48 T
0 F
(sour) 340.81 659.48 T
(ce, device) 358.22 659.48 T
2 F
(]) 397.64 659.48 T
6 F
(\336) 403.47 659.48 T
(\341) 415.84 659.48 T
0 F
(has_r) 419.13 659.48 T
(cvrs) 441.54 659.48 T
2 F
(,) 458.2 659.48 T
0 F
(addr) 463.2 659.48 T
(ess) 481.72 659.48 T
2 F
(,) 493.94 659.48 T
0 F
(key) 498.94 659.48 T
6 F
(\361) 512.26 659.48 T
7 F
(Z) 328.28 646.48 T
2 F
([) 336.68 646.48 T
0 F
(sour) 340.01 646.48 T
(ce, device) 357.42 646.48 T
2 F
(,) 396.84 646.48 T
0 F
(channel) 401.84 646.48 T
2 F
(]) 433.5 646.48 T
6 F
(\336) 439.33 646.48 T
(\341) 451.7 646.48 T
0 F
(xmtrs) 454.99 646.48 T
2 F
(,) 477.21 646.48 T
0 F
(r) 482.21 646.48 T
(cvrs) 485.73 646.48 T
6 F
(\361) 502.39 646.48 T
2 F
0.25 0.31 (T) 317.48 627.48 B
0.25 0.31 (o the) 323.2 627.48 B
7 F
0.22 0.31 (C) 347.78 627.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.31 ( mapping we added lists of the transmitters and) 353.29 627.48 B
0.25 0.26 (receivers currently aimed at each channel. This makes it) 317.48 616.48 B
0.25 0.04 (easy to generate the appropriate) 317.48 605.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.04 (use_transmitter_address\050\051) 449.82 605.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.04 (,) 555.92 605.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.8 (use_receiver_addresses\050\051) 317.48 594.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.8 (,) 440.68 594.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.8 (transmitters_rejected\050\051) 447.53 594.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.8 (,) 555.92 594.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.14 (receivers_rejected\050\051) 317.48 583.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.14 (, and) 399.84 583.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.14 (watching_rejected\050\051) 423.14 583.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.14 ( notif) 504.37 583.48 B
0.25 0.14 (ications) 526.32 583.48 B
0.25 0.64 (when the channel membership changes. The various) 317.48 572.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.38 (channel_changed\050\051) 317.48 561.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.38 ( notif) 401.05 561.48 B
0.25 0.38 (ications are also now trivial to) 424.45 561.48 B
(implement.) 317.48 550.48 T
-0.05 (The) 317.48 531.48 P
7 F
-0.05 (Z) 335.47 531.48 P
2 F
-0.05 ( mapping was added to enable easy implementation of) 341.67 531.48 P
0.25 0.4 (the) 317.48 520.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.4 (transmitters_have_receivers\050\051) 334.06 520.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.4 ( and) 464.79 520.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.4 (receivers_have_) 486.75 520.48 B
(transmitters\050\051) 317.48 509.48 T
2 10 Q
( noti\336cations.) 370.48 509.48 T
0.25 0.09 (The ef) 317.48 490.48 B
0.25 0.09 (f) 343.88 490.48 B
0.25 0.09 (icient implementation of the) 346.75 490.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.09 (broadcast_has_receiv-) 465.77 490.48 B
0.25 0 (ers\050\051) 317.48 479.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0 ( notif) 335.98 479.48 B
0.25 0 (ication was perhaps the most dif) 357.08 479.48 B
0.25 0 (f) 487.34 479.48 B
0.25 0 (icult design task;) 490.12 479.48 B
0.25 0.18 (it may be called for after changes to any of four mapping) 317.48 468.48 B
-0.08 (components: receiver aiming, transmitter device, transmitter) 317.48 457.48 P
0.22 (channel, or transmitter membership in the associated broad-) 317.48 446.48 P
0.25 0.3 (cast set. W) 317.48 435.48 B
0.25 0.3 (e added a) 364.1 435.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.3 (has_r) 408.12 435.48 B
0.25 0.3 (cvrs) 432.04 435.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.3 ( f) 449.91 435.48 B
0.25 0.3 (lag to the) 456.04 435.48 B
7 F
0.22 0.3 (D) 499.83 435.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.3 ( mapping to) 507.13 435.48 B
0.25 0.45 (remember the current empty/nonempty state of the set) 317.48 424.48 B
0.25 0.24 (described earlier; this allows us to avoid useless work in) 317.48 413.48 B
0.25 0.22 (cases where that state is obviously not changing, such as) 317.48 402.48 B
0.25 0.14 (when a new receiver is added to a device that already had) 317.48 391.48 B
0.25 0 (receivers listening. The new) 317.48 380.48 B
7 F
0.22 0 (Z) 433.89 380.48 B
2 F
0.25 0 ( mapping provides the rest of) 440.09 380.48 B
0.18 (the information used to trigger possible transitions; unfortu-) 317.48 369.48 P
0.25 0.04 (nately) 317.48 358.48 B
0.25 0.04 (, some searching is still required in order to make the) 341.49 358.48 B
-0.19 (\336nal determination of whether a true transition has occurred.) 317.48 347.48 P
0.22 (It is worth mentioning two other optimizations. The speci\336-) 317.48 328.48 P
0.25 0.05 (cation calls for a change in broadcast-set key whenever the) 317.48 317.48 B
0.25 0.03 (set of allowed sinks changes; that is, for each change in the) 317.48 306.48 B
-0.07 (union of the memberships of the channels aimed at by trans-) 317.48 295.48 P
0.25 0.21 (mitters in the broadcast set of a given source and device.) 317.48 284.48 B
0.25 0.32 (This union is suf) 317.48 273.47 B
0.25 0.32 (f) 390.4 273.47 B
0.25 0.32 (iciently expensive to maintain that we) 393.49 273.47 B
0.25 0.02 (chose instead to change the key whenever there is a change) 317.48 262.47 B
0.25 0.22 (either in the set of channels in the broadcast set or in the) 317.48 251.47 B
-0.21 (membership of any one of those channels. This could lead to) 317.48 240.47 P
0.25 0.47 (more key changes than strictly necessary) 317.48 229.47 B
0.25 0.47 (, but seems a) 500.39 229.47 B
(worthwhile trade-of) 317.48 218.47 T
(f for implementation ef) 397 218.47 T
(\336ciency) 489.86 218.47 T
(.) 520.87 218.47 T
0.25 0.17 (The other optimization is simpler; whenever there is only) 317.48 199.47 B
-0.15 (one channel in a broadcast set, we use that channel\325) 317.48 188.47 P
-0.15 (s address) 522.19 188.47 P
0.24 (and key for the broadcast set as well. This reduces both key) 317.48 177.47 P
0.25 0.18 (generation work on the server and cryptographic and net-) 317.48 166.47 B
(work expenses on the client.) 317.48 155.47 T
1 9 Q
(IMPLEMENTING THE USER INTERF) 317.48 134.14 T
(ACE) 468.99 134.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.24 (In this section, we describe applications\325 interface to the) 317.48 122.47 B
0.25 0.09 (new widgets and the ways in which the widget themselves) 317.48 111.47 B
(are implemented in terms of the coordination system.) 317.48 100.47 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
FMENDPAGE
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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53.86 52.16 558.42 63.5 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 56.83 T
(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(10/12) 535.64 56.83 T
2 F
0.25 0.03 (All widgets in the Jupiter window system have their imple-) 53.86 731.47 B
0.25 0.18 (mentations split between core objects in the database and) 53.86 720.47 B
0.25 0.02 (code in each user) 53.86 709.47 B
0.25 0.02 (\325) 124.51 709.47 B
0.25 0.02 (s client. The server) 127.31 709.47 B
0.25 0.02 (-side code is responsi-) 204.42 709.47 B
0.25 0.12 (ble for coordination with other parts of the system and for) 53.86 698.47 B
0.25 0.41 (communicating with the client. The client-side code is) 53.86 687.47 B
0.25 0.1 (responsible for actually interacting with the user and com-) 53.86 676.47 B
0.25 0.2 (municating with the server) 53.86 665.47 B
0.25 0.2 (. In the rest of this section, we) 166.28 665.47 B
0.19 (often elide the server/client communication step; it does not) 53.86 654.48 P
(usually hold much interest.) 53.86 643.48 T
0.25 0.01 (The server) 53.86 624.48 B
0.25 0.01 (-side implementations of the four new user inter-) 96.54 624.48 B
0.25 0 (face widgets in our design use the facilities described in the) 53.86 613.48 B
0 (previous section. The implicit source or sink ar) 53.86 602.48 P
0 (gument to all) 242.01 602.48 P
0.25 0.19 (key manager method calls, however) 53.86 591.48 B
0.25 0.19 (, is overridden by the) 205.01 591.48 B
0.25 0.12 (widget implementations; from the key manager) 53.86 580.48 B
0.25 0.12 (\325) 250.44 580.48 B
0.25 0.12 (s perspec-) 253.34 580.48 B
0.25 0.31 (tive, the calling source or sink always appears to be the) 53.86 569.48 B
0.25 0.29 (object representing the user on whose screen the widget) 53.86 558.48 B
0.17 (appears. This approach allows the key manager to treat user) 53.86 547.48 P
(objects in the same way as other sources and sinks.) 53.86 536.48 T
1 9 Q
(Camera and Microphone W) 53.86 515.14 T
(idgets) 169.79 515.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.25 (When a Microphone widget is created, it makes a call to) 53.86 503.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.29 (create_transmitter\050\051) 53.86 492.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.29 (. Similarly) 138.1 492.48 B
0.25 0.29 (, the creation of a Camera) 183.09 492.48 B
0.25 0.17 (widget causes a call to) 53.86 481.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.17 (create_transmitter\050\051) 151.79 481.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.17 (. The resulting) 233.8 481.48 B
(transmitter is saved as part of the widget\325) 53.86 470.48 T
(s private state.) 218.56 470.48 T
-0.2 (T) 53.86 451.48 P
-0.2 (wo methods are available on Microphone and Camera wid-) 59.27 451.48 P
-0.02 (gets. They let applications set from which of the user) 53.86 440.48 P
-0.02 (\325) 266.21 440.48 P
-0.02 (s local) 268.99 440.48 P
(devices to get the signal and to which channel to send it:) 53.86 429.48 T
4 9 Q
(set_device\050) 64.66 416.48 T
0 10 Q
(device) 110.68 416.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 136.21 416.48 T
(set_channel\050) 64.66 403.48 T
0 10 Q
(channel) 116.18 403.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 147.84 403.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.53 (When these methods are called, the widget calls) 53.86 390.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.53 (set_) 276.19 390.48 B
0.25 0.05 (transmitter_device\050\051) 53.86 379.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 ( or) 134.45 379.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.05 (set_transmitter_channel\050\051) 148.5 379.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.05 (, as appro-) 251.88 379.48 B
0.25 0.46 (priate. It is expected that when users\325 client programs) 53.86 368.48 B
0.25 0.17 (receive a) 53.86 357.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.17 (set_device\050\051) 94.35 357.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.17 ( for widgets that are \322on,\323 they will) 145.37 357.48 B
0.25 0.27 (generally send back an event indicating that the widgets) 53.86 346.48 B
0.25 0.15 (have been turned of) 53.86 335.48 B
0.25 0.15 (f; this ensures that an application pro-) 136.45 335.48 B
0.14 (gram can\325) 53.86 324.48 P
0.14 (t cause a user to start sending from some dif) 94.07 324.48 P
0.14 (ferent) 271.48 324.48 P
(device without an additional, explicit user action.) 53.86 313.48 T
0.25 0.1 (When a Camera or Microphone widget is turned on by the) 53.86 294.48 B
0.25 0.06 (user) 53.86 283.48 B
0.25 0.06 (, its associated transmitter is added to the broadcast set) 70.35 283.48 B
0.25 0.26 (for its designated device. When it is later turned of) 53.86 272.47 B
0.25 0.26 (f, the) 272.68 272.47 B
0.25 0.08 (transmitter is removed again. These are the operations tak-) 53.86 261.47 B
0.25 0.05 (ing place while the button icon\325) 53.86 250.47 B
0.25 0.05 (s background is in its inter-) 183.06 250.47 B
(mediate, stippled state.) 53.86 239.47 T
0.25 0.01 (When a Microphone is used as a push-to-talk button for the) 53.86 220.47 B
0.02 (\336rst time, the widget calls) 53.86 209.47 P
4 9 Q
0.02 (get_transmitter_address\050\051) 160.07 209.47 P
2 10 Q
0.02 ( to have) 263.1 209.47 P
0.25 0.05 (an address assigned just for that channel. On future uses of) 53.86 198.47 B
0.25 0.07 (the widget, the client can respond instantly) 53.86 187.47 B
0.25 0.07 (, already having) 229.12 187.47 B
(all of the necessary information.) 53.86 176.47 T
0.25 0.4 (The key manager) 53.86 157.47 B
0.25 0.4 (\325) 130.19 157.47 B
0.25 0.4 (s) 133.37 157.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.4 (use_broadcast_address\050\051) 140.82 157.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.4 ( and) 252.13 157.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.4 (use_) 274.08 157.47 B
0.25 0.56 (transmitter_address\050\051) 53.86 146.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.56 ( notif) 151.04 146.47 B
0.25 0.56 (ications are simply passed) 175.46 146.47 B
-0.13 (through to the user) 53.86 135.47 P
-0.13 (\325) 129.1 135.47 P
-0.13 (s client, to update the addresses and keys) 131.88 135.47 P
0.25 0.03 (assigned to existing widgets. Similarly) 53.86 124.47 B
0.25 0.03 (, the) 210.02 124.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.03 (broadcast_has_) 230.41 124.47 B
0.25 0.13 (receivers\050\051) 53.86 113.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 ( and) 97.74 113.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.13 (transmitters_have_receivers\050\051) 118.3 113.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 ( notif) 240.97 113.47 B
0.25 0.13 (ications) 262.81 113.47 B
0.25 0.33 (are passed through, so that the client can avoid sending) 53.86 102.47 B
0.25 0.13 (unnecessary data. When a) 53.86 91.47 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.13 (transmitters_rejected\050\051) 164.55 91.47 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.13 ( notif) 257.65 91.47 B
0.25 0.13 (ica-) 279.54 91.47 B
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0.25 0.07 (tion is received, a message is sent to the client clearing the) 317.48 731.47 B
(appropriate address and key information.) 317.48 720.47 T
1 9 Q
(Speaker W) 317.48 699.14 T
(idgets) 363.42 699.14 T
2 10 Q
-0.11 (Applications set which sources a Speaker should listen to by) 317.48 687.47 P
(calling the method:) 317.48 676.47 T
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(set_sources\050) 328.28 663.48 T
391.36 662.63 379.8 662.63 2 L
V
0.58 H
0 Z
N
1 8 Q
(list) 379.8 663.48 T
401.41 662.63 393.86 662.63 2 L
V
N
(of) 393.86 663.48 T
2 10 Q
( {) 401.41 663.48 T
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(sour) 408.71 663.48 T
(ce) 426.12 663.48 T
2 F
(,) 435 663.48 T
0 F
(device) 440 663.48 T
2 F
(,) 465.54 663.48 T
0 F
(channel) 470.54 663.48 T
2 F
(,) 502.2 663.48 T
0 F
(volume) 507.2 663.48 T
2 F
(}) 536.08 663.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 540.88 663.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.26 (For each tuple in the list, a receiver must be created and) 317.48 650.48 B
0.25 0.01 (aimed at the specif) 317.48 639.48 B
0.25 0.01 (ied source, device, and channel. The) 393.08 639.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.01 (vol-) 542.86 639.48 B
0.25 0.1 (ume) 317.48 628.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.1 (ar) 337.3 628.48 B
0.25 0.1 (guments allow an application to specify the relative) 345.09 628.48 B
0.25 0.1 (level of the incoming audio, so that certain streams can be) 317.48 617.48 B
0.25 0.04 (played more softly than others. This is useful, for example,) 317.48 606.48 B
0.25 0.23 (when trying to play audio from sources that are virtually) 317.48 595.48 B
(\322farther away) 317.48 584.48 T
(,\323 such as in a nearby room.) 371.52 584.48 T
0.25 0.24 (When) 317.48 565.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.24 (set_sources\050\051) 345.33 565.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.24 ( is called, the widget creates a set of) 403.02 565.48 B
0.25 0.11 (new receivers, one aimed at each of the given sources; the) 317.48 554.48 B
0 F
(volume) 317.48 543.48 T
2 F
( ar) 346.36 543.48 T
(guments are simply passed on to the client.) 356.45 543.48 T
0.25 0.09 (The key manager) 317.48 524.48 B
0.25 0.09 (\325) 389.13 524.48 B
0.25 0.09 (s) 392.01 524.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.09 (use_receiver_addresses\050\051) 398.83 524.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.09 ( notif) 505.04 524.48 B
0.25 0.09 (ications) 526.68 524.48 B
-0.21 (are passed on to the client. When a) 317.48 513.48 P
4 9 Q
-0.21 (receivers_rejected\050\051) 457.73 513.48 P
2 10 Q
-0.21 ( noti-) 537.24 513.48 P
-0.07 (\336cation is received, a similar message goes to the client, set-) 317.48 502.48 P
0.25 0.05 (ting the empty list of addresses for those receivers. Finally) 317.48 491.48 B
0.25 0.05 (,) 555.92 491.48 B
0.25 0.42 (on a) 317.48 480.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.42 (receive_value\050\051) 339.53 480.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.42 ( notif) 407.39 480.48 B
0.25 0.42 (ication, the value received is) 431.02 480.48 B
0.25 0 (passed to the client as a URL naming audio data for the cli-) 317.48 469.48 B
(ent to retrieve and play) 317.48 458.48 T
(.) 409.03 458.48 T
1 9 Q
(V) 317.48 437.14 T
(ideoPane W) 323.32 437.14 T
(idgets) 374.25 437.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.17 (V) 317.48 425.48 B
0.25 0.17 (ideoPane widgets are implemented almost identically to) 324.27 425.48 B
0.25 0.02 (Speakers. The one dif) 317.48 414.48 B
0.25 0.02 (ference is that, since a V) 405.59 414.48 B
0.25 0.02 (ideoPane can) 504.96 414.48 B
0.25 0.11 (only receive at most one signal at a time, a single receiver) 317.48 403.48 B
0.25 0.23 (can be created and saved when the widget is created; the) 317.48 392.48 B
-0.15 (widget can simply re-aim the receiver whenever the applica-) 317.48 381.48 P
-0.19 (tion changes the source to which the widget listens. T) 317.48 370.48 P
-0.19 (o make) 529.46 370.48 P
(this change, applications call this widget method:) 317.48 359.48 T
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(set_source\050) 328.28 346.48 T
0 10 Q
(sour) 375.3 346.48 T
(ce) 392.7 346.48 T
2 F
(,) 401.58 346.48 T
0 F
(device) 406.58 346.48 T
2 F
(,) 432.12 346.48 T
0 F
(channel) 437.12 346.48 T
4 9 Q
(\051) 468.79 346.48 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.1 (V) 317.48 327.48 B
0.25 0.1 (ideoPane widgets also support the) 324.2 327.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.1 (receive_value\050\051) 467.55 327.48 B
2 10 Q
0.25 0.1 ( notif) 530.61 327.48 B
0.25 0.1 (i-) 552.31 327.48 B
0.25 0.16 (cation; at present, this is used to pass a URL containing a) 317.48 316.48 B
0.06 (static image to load. W) 317.48 305.48 P
0.06 (e may later extend the usage to allow) 409.41 305.48 P
(playing a video clip.) 317.48 294.48 T
1 9 Q
(IMPLEMENTING THE APPLICA) 317.48 273.14 T
(TIONS) 448.32 273.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.08 (Earlier in the paper) 317.48 261.47 B
0.25 0.08 (, several applications were described as) 396.34 261.47 B
0.25 0.07 (motivating the audio/video architecture design. In this sec-) 317.48 250.47 B
-0.04 (tion, some of these applications are re-examined, to see how) 317.48 239.47 P
0.25 0.04 (their implementations could take advantage of the facilities) 317.48 228.47 B
(provided.) 317.48 217.47 T
1 9 Q
(Communication W) 317.48 196.14 T
(ithin a Room) 396.4 196.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.23 (Communicating with other users in the same room is the) 317.48 184.47 B
0.25 0.09 (most common use of audio and video within Jupiter) 317.48 173.47 B
0.25 0.09 (. T) 531.2 173.47 B
0.25 0.09 (ypi-) 542.13 173.47 B
0.25 0.13 (cally) 317.48 162.47 B
0.25 0.13 (, support for this is provided one of the windows that) 336.93 162.47 B
0.24 (the system opens when a user \336rst connects. An example of) 317.48 151.47 P
(such a window appears in Figure) 317.48 140.47 T
(3.) 451.9 140.47 T
0.25 0.1 (This window contains Microphone and Camera widgets to) 317.48 121.47 B
0.18 (control sending to everyone in the room, and a collection of) 317.48 110.47 P
0.25 0.02 (V) 317.48 99.47 B
0.25 0.02 (ideoPanes, each surrounded by a Speaker) 324.12 99.47 B
0.25 0.02 (, to receive from) 491.26 99.47 B
0.25 0.01 (others in the room. Below each V) 317.48 88.47 B
0.25 0.01 (ideoPane is a Microphone) 453.34 88.47 B
0.25 0.24 (that serves as a push-to-talk button for whispering to the) 317.48 77.47 B
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0.25 0.19 (indicated user) 53.86 527.38 B
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0.14 (, there is also a lar) 81.55 483.38 P
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0.25 0.17 (Whenever any user talks, their associated Speaker widget) 53.86 453.38 B
0.25 0.47 (highlights. If they are speaking to the whole room \050as) 53.86 442.38 B
0.25 0.1 (opposed to whispering\051, the lar) 53.86 431.38 B
0.25 0.1 (ge outer Speaker also high-) 181.9 431.38 B
(lights. The \336gure shows user RonF speaking to the room.) 53.86 420.38 T
0.25 0.14 (This application takes advantage of two dif) 53.86 401.38 B
0.25 0.14 (ferent kinds of) 234 401.38 B
0.25 0.12 (channels provided in the system. For sending to the room,) 53.86 390.38 B
0.25 0.18 (the Jupiter object representing the room acts as a channel) 53.86 379.38 B
0.25 0.04 (manager) 53.86 368.38 B
0.25 0.04 (, dynamically updating the channel membership as) 88.2 368.38 B
0.25 0.17 (its contents change. The membership is not limited to the) 53.86 357.38 B
0.25 0.16 (users in the room; it includes all of the objects present, to) 53.86 346.38 B
0.25 0.2 (allow for the participation of non-user sources and sinks.) 53.86 335.38 B
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0.25 0.25 (ies a channel with a static) 184.56 324.38 B
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0.25 0.09 (When the user f) 53.86 294.38 B
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0.25 0.24 (widgets are re-aimed at the new room\325) 53.86 261.38 B
0.25 0.24 (s channel, and the) 218.25 261.38 B
0.25 0.03 (application starts watching for transmitters on that channel.) 53.86 250.38 B
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0.25 0.16 (present users to be audible in the physical room is a sym-) 317.48 450.89 B
0.25 0.24 (metric problem; the room\325) 317.48 439.89 B
0.25 0.24 (s server must receive and play) 429.46 439.89 B
(audio streams under the direction of the Jupiter application.) 317.48 428.89 T
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(elephony) 475.87 407.55 T
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0.25 0.15 (ference is in how) 486.64 373.89 B
0.25 0.08 (channel membership is determined. All of the mechanisms) 317.48 362.89 B
0.25 0.07 (for discovering new transmitters and setting up whispering) 317.48 351.89 B
(work in exactly the same manner in both cases.) 317.48 340.89 T
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0.17 (ferent) 535.1 321.89 P
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0.25 0.24 (sending a public address could pop up a new window on) 317.48 255.89 B
0.25 0.05 (each connected user) 317.48 244.89 B
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0.25 0.02 (V) 317.48 233.89 B
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(in the list associated with the Speaker widget.) 317.48 200.89 T
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0.25 0.26 (tion, only then adding appropriate Camera, Microphone,) 317.48 137.89 B
0.25 0.36 (V) 317.48 126.89 B
0.25 0.36 (ideoPane, and Speaker widgets. Also, the videophone) 324.45 126.89 B
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0.25 0.19 (, for use in sending) 477.45 115.89 B
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(transmit_value\050\051) 317.48 93.89 T
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(oceedings of ACM Multiedia \32495) 63.49 56.83 T
(12/12) 535.64 56.83 T
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(The T) 53.86 732.14 T
(ape Recorder and the Archive Server) 77.19 732.14 T
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0.25 0.04 (A virtual tape recorder) 53.86 720.47 B
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0.25 0.12 (recorded stream or changing the speed of playback. These) 53.86 610.48 B
0.25 0.16 (aren\325) 53.86 599.48 B
0.25 0.16 (t directly tied to the audio/video distribution system,) 75.01 599.48 B
0.25 0.12 (however; they only cause the archive server to modify the) 53.86 588.48 B
(signal it actually delivers to the receivers.) 53.86 577.48 T
0.25 0.01 (An individual tape recorder) 53.86 558.48 B
0.25 0.01 (, then, simply maintains a list of) 164.68 558.48 B
0.25 0.05 (the recordings it has stored on the archive server) 53.86 547.48 B
0.25 0.05 (. For play-) 251.87 547.48 B
0.25 0.1 (back, it creates a transmitter aimed at the room and passes) 53.86 536.48 B
0.25 0.26 (the address/key information it receives on to the archive) 53.86 525.48 B
0.25 0.01 (manager) 53.86 514.48 B
0.25 0.01 (. For recording, it watches the room channel, creat-) 87.79 514.48 B
0.25 0.29 (ing a receiver for every source and again passing on the) 53.86 503.48 B
(addresses and keys to the archive manager) 53.86 492.48 T
(.) 223.26 492.48 T
1 9 Q
(Other Applications) 53.86 471.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.17 (The other applications we described earlier can be imple-) 53.86 459.48 B
0.25 0.01 (mented as straightforward variations on the examples given) 53.86 448.48 B
0.25 0.03 (above. The \324news on the hour) 53.86 437.48 B
0.25 0.03 (\325 service is just another client) 175.16 437.48 B
0.25 0.07 (of the archive server) 53.86 426.48 B
0.25 0.07 (, for example. Applications wishing to) 137.51 426.48 B
0.25 0.02 (play sound ef) 53.86 415.48 B
0.25 0.02 (fects just create a transmitter themselves from) 108.36 415.48 B
0.25 0.22 (which to send URLs, aiming it either at individual users,) 53.86 404.48 B
0.25 0.14 (rooms, or channels whose membership they directly man-) 53.86 393.48 B
(age, as appropriate.) 53.86 382.48 T
1 9 Q
(CONCLUSIONS) 53.86 361.14 T
2 10 Q
0.25 0.21 (The Jupiter system supports multimedia communications) 53.86 349.48 B
0.25 0.02 (and long-term collaboration, using a \322real-world\323 metaphor) 53.86 338.48 B
0.25 0.18 (including people, places, and things. In this environment,) 53.86 327.48 B
0.25 0.16 (we wanted to allow experimentation with a wide range of) 53.86 316.48 B
0.25 0.01 (communication metaphors, such as talking in a room, using) 53.86 305.48 B
0.25 0.27 (a telephone, making announcements on a public address) 53.86 294.48 B
(system, and using a tape recorder) 53.86 283.48 T
(.) 186.61 283.48 T
0.25 0.23 (It is challenging in such a system to keep our users from) 53.86 264.47 B
-0.11 (being confused by the variety of sounds and images emanat-) 53.86 253.47 P
0.25 0.01 (ing from their workstations. Another challenge is providing) 53.86 242.47 B
0.25 0 (a programming library for controlling the f) 53.86 231.47 B
0.25 0 (low of audio and) 226.53 231.47 B
0.25 0 (video that is powerful enough to support our list of applica-) 53.86 220.47 B
0.25 0.12 (tions, yet simple enough to allow users to build new ones.) 53.86 209.47 B
0.12 (Finally) 53.86 198.47 P
0.12 (, to allow use of our system in insecure contexts, it is) 81.55 198.47 P
0.25 0.06 (important to protect the privacy of all communications and) 53.86 187.47 B
0.25 0.17 (the integrity of the coordination system from both misbe-) 53.86 176.47 B
(having users and other possible attackers.) 53.86 165.47 T
0.25 0.01 (Based on experience with an earlier prototype, we designed) 53.86 146.47 B
0.25 0.05 (and implemented a f) 53.86 135.47 B
0.25 0.05 (lexible new programming interface for) 136.97 135.47 B
0.25 0.05 (secure media coordination. W) 53.86 124.47 B
0.25 0.05 (e also designed a small set of) 175.19 124.47 B
0.25 0.25 (new widgets that provide users with the information and) 53.86 113.47 B
0.25 0.04 (control they require. W) 53.86 102.47 B
0.25 0.04 (e are in the process of reimplement-) 148.06 102.47 B
(ing our motivating applications on top of the new facilities.) 53.86 91.47 T
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
1 9 Q
(REFERENCES) 317.48 732.14 T
2 10 Q
(1.) 317.48 720.47 T
0.1 (Adler) 331.65 720.47 P
0.1 (, Annette, and Austin Henderson, \322A Room of Our) 354.02 720.47 P
0.25 0.8 (Own: Experiences from a Direct Of) 331.65 708.47 B
0.25 0.8 (f) 502.14 708.47 B
0.25 0.8 (ice-Share,\323) 505.72 708.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.25 (Pr) 331.65 696.47 B
0.25 0.25 (oceedings of the 1994 ACM Confer) 341.79 696.47 B
0.25 0.25 (ence on Human) 492.13 696.47 B
(Factors in Computing Systems) 331.65 684.47 T
2 F
(, May) 454.15 684.47 T
(, 1994.) 476.83 684.47 T
(2.) 317.48 666.47 T
0.25 0.77 (Berners-Lee, T) 331.65 666.47 B
0.25 0.77 (., L. Masinter) 402.53 666.47 B
0.25 0.77 (, and M. McCahill,) 467.63 666.47 B
0.25 0.01 (\322Uniform Resource Locators \050URL\051,\323 IETF Request for) 331.65 654.48 B
(Comments RFC 1738, available from) 331.65 642.48 T
4 9 Q
(ftp://ftp.internic.net/rfc/rfc1738.txt.) 331.65 630.48 T
2 10 Q
(3.) 317.48 612.48 T
0.25 0.38 (Bly) 331.65 612.48 B
0.25 0.38 (, Sara, Steve Harrison, and Susan Irwin, \322Media) 346.58 612.48 B
0.25 0.25 (Spaces: Bringing People T) 331.65 600.48 B
0.25 0.25 (ogether in a V) 445.01 600.48 B
0.25 0.25 (ideo, Audio,) 505.65 600.48 B
0.25 0.14 (and Computing Environment,\323) 331.65 588.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.14 (Communications of the) 462.38 588.48 B
(ACM) 331.65 576.48 T
2 F
(, 36\0501\051, January 1993.) 352.76 576.48 T
(4.) 317.48 558.48 T
0.25 0.39 (Curtis, Pavel,) 331.65 558.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.39 (LambdaMOO Pr) 394.61 558.48 B
0.25 0.39 (ogrammer) 467.16 558.48 B
0.25 0.39 (\325) 512.28 558.48 B
0.25 0.39 (s Manual) 514.7 558.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.39 (,) 555.54 558.48 B
0.25 0.92 (available as) 331.65 546.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.92 (ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/MOO/) 393.51 546.48 B
(ProgrammersManual.ps) 331.65 534.48 T
2 10 Q
(.) 427.67 534.48 T
(5.) 317.48 516.48 T
0.25 0.08 (Curtis, Pavel and David A. Nichols, \322MUDs Grow Up:) 331.65 516.48 B
0.25 0.69 (Social V) 331.65 504.48 B
0.25 0.69 (irtual Reality in the Real W) 371.54 504.48 B
0.25 0.69 (orld,\323 in the) 501.59 504.48 B
0.25 0.22 (Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Computer Conference,) 331.65 492.48 B
0.25 0.42 (pp. 193--200, January 1994. Also available as) 331.65 480.48 B
4 9 Q
0.25 0.42 (ftp://) 538.81 480.48 B
(ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/MOO/papers/MUDsGrowUp.ps) 331.65 468.48 T
2 10 Q
(.) 549.71 468.48 T
(6.) 317.48 450.48 T
0.25 0.48 (Deering, S. and D. Cheriton, \322Multicast routing in) 331.65 450.48 B
0.25 0.9 (datagram networks and extended LANs,\323) 331.65 438.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.9 (ACM) 535.51 438.48 B
(T) 331.65 426.48 T
(ransactions on Computer Systems) 336.66 426.48 T
2 F
(, May 1990.) 472.49 426.48 T
(7.) 317.48 408.48 T
0.25 0.28 (Hickman, Kipp E. B., \322The SSL Protocol,\323 available) 331.65 408.48 B
(from) 331.65 396.48 T
4 9 Q
(http://home.mcom.com/newsref/std/SSL.html) 353.59 396.48 T
2 10 Q
(.) 532.66 396.48 T
(8.) 317.48 378.48 T
0.25 0.32 (Minneman, Scott L., and Steve R. Harrison, \322Where) 331.65 378.48 B
0.25 0.38 (W) 331.65 366.48 B
0.25 0.38 (ere W) 340.67 366.48 B
0.25 0.38 (e: making and using near) 366.18 366.48 B
0.25 0.38 (-synchronous, pre-) 476.7 366.48 B
0.25 0.79 (narrative video,\323) 331.65 354.48 B
0 F
0.25 0.79 (Pr) 416.11 354.48 B
0.25 0.79 (oceedings of the 1993 ACM) 427.32 354.48 B
0.25 0.08 (International Confer) 331.65 342.48 B
0.25 0.08 (ence on Multimedia) 416.22 342.48 B
2 F
0.25 0.08 (, pp. 207--214,) 497.62 342.48 B
(June 1993.) 331.65 330.48 T
(9.) 317.48 312.48 T
0.25 0.26 (Nichols, David A., Pavel Curtis, Michael Dixon, and) 331.65 312.48 B
-0.08 (John Lamping, \322A Low-Bandwidth W) 331.65 300.48 P
-0.08 (indow T) 485.1 300.48 P
-0.08 (oolkit,\323 in) 517.94 300.48 P
(preparation.) 331.65 288.48 T
(10.) 317.48 270.47 T
0.25 0.71 (Schulzrinne, H., S. Casner) 331.65 270.47 B
0.25 0.71 (, R. Frederick, and V) 456.37 270.47 B
0.25 0.71 (.) 555.21 270.47 B
0.25 0.25 (Jacobson, \322R) 331.65 258.47 B
0.25 0.25 (TP: A T) 387.12 258.47 B
0.25 0.25 (ransport Protocol for Real-T) 421.82 258.47 B
0.25 0.25 (ime) 542.92 258.47 B
(Applications,\323 IETF Internet Draft, available from) 331.65 246.47 T
4 9 Q
(ftp://ftp.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-avt-rtp-07.txt.) 331.65 234.47 T
2 10 Q
(1) 317.48 216.47 T
(1.) 322.11 216.47 T
0.25 0.29 (Zellweger) 331.65 216.47 B
0.25 0.29 (, Polle T) 374.4 216.47 B
0.25 0.29 (., Douglas B. T) 410.94 216.47 B
0.25 0.29 (erry) 476.45 216.47 B
0.25 0.29 (, and Daniel C.) 493.06 216.47 B
-0.06 (Swinehart, \322An Overview of the Etherphone System and) 331.65 204.47 P
0.25 0.81 (its Applications,\323) 331.65 192.47 B
0 F
0.25 0.81 (Pr) 420.06 192.47 B
0.25 0.81 (oceedings of the) 431.31 192.47 B
0.25 0.81 (2nd IEEE) 513.34 192.47 B
(Confer) 331.65 180.47 T
(ence on Computer W) 359.06 180.47 T
(orkstations) 442.29 180.47 T
2 F
(, March1988.) 486.74 180.47 T
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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