%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%BoundingBox: (atend)
%%Pages: (atend)
%%PageOrder: (atend)
%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
%%Creator: Frame 4.0
%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit
%%EndComments
%%BeginProlog
%
% Frame ps_prolog 4.0, for use with Frame 4.0 products
% This ps_prolog file is Copyright (c) 1986-1993 Frame Technology
% Corporation. All rights reserved. This ps_prolog file may be
% freely copied and distributed in conjunction with documents created
% using FrameMaker, FrameBuilder and FrameViewer as long as this
% copyright notice is preserved.
%
% Frame products normally print colors as their true color on a color printer
% or as shades of gray, based on luminance, on a black-and white printer. The
% following flag, if set to True, forces all non-white colors to print as pure
% black. This has no effect on bitmap images.
/FMPrintAllColorsAsBlack false def
%
% Frame products can either set their own line screens or use a printer's
% default settings. Three flags below control this separately for no
% separations, spot separations and process separations. If a flag
% is true, then the default printer settings will not be changed. If it is
% false, Frame products will use their own settings from a table based on
% the printer's resolution.
/FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen true def
/FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen true def
/FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen false def
%
% For any given PostScript printer resolution, Frame products have two sets of
% screen angles and frequencies for printing process separations, which are
% recomended by Adobe. The following variable chooses the higher frequencies
% when set to true or the lower frequencies when set to false. This is only
% effective if the appropriate FMUseDefault...SeparationScreen flag is false.
/FMUseHighFrequencyScreens true def
%
% PostScript Level 2 printers contain an "Accurate Screens" feature which can
% improve process separation rendering at the expense of compute time. This
% flag is ignored by PostScript Level 1 printers.
/FMUseAcccurateScreens true def
%
% The following PostScript procedure defines the spot function that Frame
% products will use for process separations. You may un-comment-out one of
% the alternative functions below, or use your own.
%
% Dot function
/FMSpotFunction {abs exch abs 2 copy add 1 gt
{1 sub dup mul exch 1 sub dup mul add 1 sub }
{dup mul exch dup mul add 1 exch sub }ifelse } def
%
% Line function
% /FMSpotFunction { pop } def
%
% Elipse function
% /FMSpotFunction { dup 5 mul 8 div mul exch dup mul exch add
% sqrt 1 exch sub } def
%
%
/FMversion (4.0) def
/FMLevel1 /languagelevel where {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse 2 lt def
/FMPColor
FMLevel1 {
false
/colorimage where {pop pop true} if
} {
true
} ifelse
def
/FrameDict 400 dict def
systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def
errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if
% The readline in PS 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk
FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put
errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put
FrameDict /bug false put
mark
% Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together!
currentfile 5 string readline
00
0000000000
cleartomark
errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put
FrameDict /bug get {
/readline {
/gstring exch def
/gfile exch def
/gindex 0 def
{
gfile read pop
dup 10 eq {exit} if
dup 13 eq {exit} if
gstring exch gindex exch put
/gindex gindex 1 add def
} loop
pop
gstring 0 gindex getinterval true
} bind def
} if
/FMshowpage /showpage load def
/FMquit /quit load def
/FMFAILURE {
dup = flush
FMshowpage
/Helvetica findfont 12 scalefont setfont
72 200 moveto
show FMshowpage
FMquit
} def
/FMVERSION {
FMversion ne {
(Frame product version does not match ps_prolog!) FMFAILURE
} if
} def
/FMBADEPSF {
(PostScript Lang. Ref. Man., 2nd Ed., H.2.4 says EPS must not call X )
dup dup (X) search pop exch pop exch pop length
4 -1 roll
putinterval
FMFAILURE
} def
/FMLOCAL {
FrameDict begin
0 def
end
} def
/concatprocs
{
/proc2 exch cvlit def/proc1 exch cvlit def/newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def
newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx
}def
FrameDict begin
/FMnone 0 def
/FMcyan 1 def
/FMmagenta 2 def
/FMyellow 3 def
/FMblack 4 def
/FMcustom 5 def
/FrameNegative false def
/FrameSepIs FMnone def
/FrameSepBlack 0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0 def
/FrameSepRed 1 def
/FrameSepGreen 1 def
/FrameSepBlue 1 def
/FrameCurGray 1 def
/FrameCurPat null def
/FrameCurColors [ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] def
/FrameColorEpsilon .001 def
/eqepsilon {
sub dup 0 lt {neg} if
FrameColorEpsilon le
} bind def
/FrameCmpColorsCMYK {
2 copy 0 get exch 0 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 1 get exch 1 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 2 get exch 2 get eqepsilon {
3 get exch 3 get eqepsilon
} {pop pop false} ifelse
}{pop pop false} ifelse
} {pop pop false} ifelse
} bind def
/FrameCmpColorsRGB {
2 copy 4 get exch 0 get eqepsilon {
2 copy 5 get exch 1 get eqepsilon {
6 get exch 2 get eqepsilon
}{pop pop false} ifelse
} {pop pop false} ifelse
} bind def
/RGBtoCMYK {
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
1 exch sub
3 1 roll
3 copy
2 copy
le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse
2 copy
le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse
dup dup dup
6 1 roll
4 1 roll
7 1 roll
sub
6 1 roll
sub
5 1 roll
sub
4 1 roll
} bind def
/CMYKtoRGB {
dup dup 4 -1 roll add
5 1 roll 3 -1 roll add
4 1 roll add
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if 3 1 roll
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch
1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch
} bind def
/FrameSepInit {
1.0 RealSetgray
} bind def
/FrameSetSepColor {
/FrameSepBlue exch def
/FrameSepGreen exch def
/FrameSepRed exch def
/FrameSepBlack exch def
/FrameSepYellow exch def
/FrameSepMagenta exch def
/FrameSepCyan exch def
/FrameSepIs FMcustom def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetCyan {
/FrameSepBlue 1.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 1.0 def
/FrameSepRed 0.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 1.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMcyan def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetMagenta {
/FrameSepBlue 1.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 0.0 def
/FrameSepRed 1.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 1.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMmagenta def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetYellow {
/FrameSepBlue 0.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 1.0 def
/FrameSepRed 1.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 0.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 1.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMyellow def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetBlack {
/FrameSepBlue 0.0 def
/FrameSepGreen 0.0 def
/FrameSepRed 0.0 def
/FrameSepBlack 1.0 def
/FrameSepYellow 0.0 def
/FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def
/FrameSepCyan 0.0 def
/FrameSepIs FMblack def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameNoSep {
/FrameSepIs FMnone def
setCurrentScreen
} bind def
/FrameSetSepColors {
FrameDict begin
[ exch 1 add 1 roll ]
/FrameSepColors
exch def end
} bind def
/FrameColorInSepListCMYK {
FrameSepColors {
exch dup 3 -1 roll
FrameCmpColorsCMYK
{ pop true exit } if
} forall
dup true ne {pop false} if
} bind def
/FrameColorInSepListRGB {
FrameSepColors {
exch dup 3 -1 roll
FrameCmpColorsRGB
{ pop true exit } if
} forall
dup true ne {pop false} if
} bind def
/RealSetgray /setgray load def
/RealSetrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def
/RealSethsbcolor /sethsbcolor load def
end
/setgray {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetgray }
{
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{ RealSetgray }
{ FrameSepIs FMcustom eq
FrameSepRed 0 eq and
FrameSepGreen 0 eq and
FrameSepBlue 0 eq and {
RealSetgray
} {
1 RealSetgray pop
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
end
} bind def
/setrgbcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetrgbcolor }
{
3 copy [ 4 1 roll ]
FrameColorInSepListRGB
{
FrameSepBlue eq exch
FrameSepGreen eq and exch
FrameSepRed eq and
{ 0 } { 1 } ifelse
}
{
FMPColor {
RealSetrgbcolor
currentcmykcolor
} {
RGBtoCMYK
} ifelse
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
RealSetgray
}
ifelse
end
} bind def
/sethsbcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSethsbcolor }
{
RealSethsbcolor
currentrgbcolor
setrgbcolor
}
ifelse
end
} bind def
FrameDict begin
/setcmykcolor where {
pop /RealSetcmykcolor /setcmykcolor load def
} {
/RealSetcmykcolor {
4 1 roll
3 { 3 index add 0 max 1 min 1 exch sub 3 1 roll} repeat
setrgbcolor pop
} bind def
} ifelse
userdict /setcmykcolor {
FrameDict begin
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{ RealSetcmykcolor }
{
4 copy [ 5 1 roll ]
FrameColorInSepListCMYK
{
FrameSepBlack eq exch
FrameSepYellow eq and exch
FrameSepMagenta eq and exch
FrameSepCyan eq and
{ 0 } { 1 } ifelse
}
{
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
RealSetgray
}
ifelse
end
} bind put
FMLevel1 not {
/patProcDict 5 dict dup begin
<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> { 3 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke
4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def
<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> { 3 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke
4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def
<8142241818244281> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke } bind def
<03060c183060c081> { 1 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke
4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def
<8040201008040201> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke
-4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke
4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def
end def
/patDict 15 dict dup begin
/PatternType 1 def
/PaintType 2 def
/TilingType 3 def
/BBox [ 0 0 8 8 ] def
/XStep 8 def
/YStep 8 def
/PaintProc {
begin
patProcDict bstring known {
patProcDict bstring get exec
} {
8 8 true [1 0 0 -1 0 8] bstring imagemask
} ifelse
end
} bind def
end def
} if
/combineColor {
FrameSepIs FMnone eq
{
graymode FMLevel1 or not {
[/Pattern [/DeviceCMYK]] setcolorspace
FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload pop FrameCurPat setcolor
} {
FrameCurColors 3 get 1.0 ge {
FrameCurGray RealSetgray
} {
FMPColor graymode and {
0 1 3 {
FrameCurColors exch get
1 FrameCurGray sub mul
} for
RealSetcmykcolor
} {
4 1 6 {
FrameCurColors exch get
graymode {
1 exch sub 1 FrameCurGray sub mul 1 exch sub
} {
1.0 lt {FrameCurGray} {1} ifelse
} ifelse
} for
RealSetrgbcolor
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} {
FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload
FrameColorInSepListCMYK {
FrameSepBlack eq exch
FrameSepYellow eq and exch
FrameSepMagenta eq and exch
FrameSepCyan eq and
FrameSepIs FMcustom eq and
{ FrameCurGray } { 1 } ifelse
} {
FrameSepIs FMblack eq
{FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq
{pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq
{pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub exch pop } {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq
{pop pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub }
{pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse
} ifelse
graymode FMLevel1 or not {
[/Pattern [/DeviceGray]] setcolorspace
FrameCurPat setcolor
} {
graymode not FMLevel1 and {
dup 1 lt {pop FrameCurGray} if
} if
RealSetgray
} ifelse
} ifelse
} bind def
/savematrix {
orgmatrix currentmatrix pop
} bind def
/restorematrix {
orgmatrix setmatrix
} bind def
/dmatrix matrix def
/dpi 72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform
dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def
/freq dpi dup 72 div round dup 0 eq {pop 1} if 8 mul div def
/sangle 1 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan def
/dpiranges [ 2540 2400 1693 1270 1200 635 600 0 ] def
/CMLowFreqs [ 100.402 94.8683 89.2289 100.402 94.8683 66.9349 63.2456 47.4342 ] def
/YLowFreqs [ 95.25 90.0 84.65 95.25 90.0 70.5556 66.6667 50.0 ] def
/KLowFreqs [ 89.8026 84.8528 79.8088 89.8026 84.8528 74.8355 70.7107 53.033 ] def
/CLowAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def
/MLowAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def
/YLowTDot [ true true false true true false false false ] def
/CMHighFreqs [ 133.87 126.491 133.843 108.503 102.523 100.402 94.8683 63.2456 ] def
/YHighFreqs [ 127.0 120.0 126.975 115.455 109.091 95.25 90.0 60.0 ] def
/KHighFreqs [ 119.737 113.137 119.713 128.289 121.218 89.8026 84.8528 63.6395 ] def
/CHighAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 70.0169 70.0169 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def
/MHighAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 19.9831 19.9831 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def
/YHighTDot [ false false true false false true true false ] def
/PatFreq [ 10.5833 10.0 9.4055 10.5833 10.0 10.5833 10.0 9.375 ] def
/screenIndex {
0 1 dpiranges length 1 sub { dup dpiranges exch get 1 sub dpi le {exit} {pop} ifelse } for
} bind def
/getCyanScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { CHighAngles CMHighFreqs} {CLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getMagentaScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { MHighAngles CMHighFreqs } {MLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getYellowScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { YHighTDot YHighFreqs} { YLowTDot YLowFreqs } ifelse
screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get { 3 div
{2 { 1 add 2 div 3 mul dup floor sub 2 mul 1 sub exch} repeat
FMSpotFunction } } {/FMSpotFunction load } ifelse
0.0 exch
} bind def
/getBlackScreen {
FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { KHighFreqs } { KLowFreqs } ifelse
screenIndex get 45.0 /FMSpotFunction load
} bind def
/getSpotScreen {
getBlackScreen
} bind def
/getCompositeScreen {
getBlackScreen
} bind def
/FMSetScreen
FMLevel1 { /setscreen load
}{ {
8 dict begin
/HalftoneType 1 def
/SpotFunction exch def
/Angle exch def
/Frequency exch def
/AccurateScreens FMUseAcccurateScreens def
currentdict end sethalftone
} bind } ifelse
def
/setDefaultScreen {
FMPColor {
orgrxfer cvx orggxfer cvx orgbxfer cvx orgxfer cvx setcolortransfer
}
{
orgxfer cvx settransfer
} ifelse
orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen
} bind def
/setCurrentScreen {
FrameSepIs FMnone eq {
FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
getCompositeScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} {
FrameSepIs FMcustom eq {
FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
getSpotScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} {
FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen {
setDefaultScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMcyan eq {
getCyanScreen FMSetScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq {
getMagentaScreen FMSetScreen
} {
FrameSepIs FMyellow eq {
getYellowScreen FMSetScreen
} {
getBlackScreen FMSetScreen
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} ifelse
} bind def
end
/gstring FMLOCAL
/gfile FMLOCAL
/gindex FMLOCAL
/orgrxfer FMLOCAL
/orggxfer FMLOCAL
/orgbxfer FMLOCAL
/orgxfer FMLOCAL
/orgproc FMLOCAL
/orgrproc FMLOCAL
/orggproc FMLOCAL
/orgbproc FMLOCAL
/organgle FMLOCAL
/orgrangle FMLOCAL
/orggangle FMLOCAL
/orgbangle FMLOCAL
/orgfreq FMLOCAL
/orgrfreq FMLOCAL
/orggfreq FMLOCAL
/orgbfreq FMLOCAL
/yscale FMLOCAL
/xscale FMLOCAL
/edown FMLOCAL
/manualfeed FMLOCAL
/paperheight FMLOCAL
/paperwidth FMLOCAL
/FMDOCUMENT {
array /FMfonts exch def
/#copies exch def
FrameDict begin
0 ne /manualfeed exch def
/paperheight exch def
/paperwidth exch def
0 ne /FrameNegative exch def
0 ne /edown exch def
/yscale exch def
/xscale exch def
FMLevel1 {
manualfeed {setmanualfeed} if
/FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def
/FMoptop count def
setpapername
manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse
{manualpapersize} {false} ifelse
{desperatepapersize} {false} ifelse
{ (Can't select requested paper size for Frame print job!) FMFAILURE } if
count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for
countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for
}
{{1 dict dup /PageSize [paperwidth paperheight]put setpagedevice}stopped
{ (Can't select requested paper size for Frame print job!) FMFAILURE } if
{1 dict dup /ManualFeed manualfeed put setpagedevice } stopped pop }
ifelse
FMPColor {
currentcolorscreen
cvlit /orgproc exch def
/organgle exch def
/orgfreq exch def
cvlit /orgbproc exch def
/orgbangle exch def
/orgbfreq exch def
cvlit /orggproc exch def
/orggangle exch def
/orggfreq exch def
cvlit /orgrproc exch def
/orgrangle exch def
/orgrfreq exch def
currentcolortransfer
FrameNegative {
1 1 4 {
pop { 1 exch sub } concatprocs 4 1 roll
} for
4 copy
setcolortransfer
} if
cvlit /orgxfer exch def
cvlit /orgbxfer exch def
cvlit /orggxfer exch def
cvlit /orgrxfer exch def
} {
currentscreen
cvlit /orgproc exch def
/organgle exch def
/orgfreq exch def
currenttransfer
FrameNegative {
{ 1 exch sub } concatprocs
dup settransfer
} if
cvlit /orgxfer exch def
} ifelse
end
} def
/pagesave FMLOCAL
/orgmatrix FMLOCAL
/landscape FMLOCAL
/pwid FMLOCAL
/FMBEGINPAGE {
FrameDict begin
/pagesave save def
3.86 setmiterlimit
/landscape exch 0 ne def
landscape {
90 rotate 0 exch dup /pwid exch def neg translate pop
}{
pop /pwid exch def
} ifelse
edown { [-1 0 0 1 pwid 0] concat } if
0 0 moveto paperwidth 0 lineto paperwidth paperheight lineto
0 paperheight lineto 0 0 lineto 1 setgray fill
xscale yscale scale
/orgmatrix matrix def
gsave
} def
/FMENDPAGE {
grestore
pagesave restore
end
showpage
} def
/FMFONTDEFINE {
FrameDict begin
findfont
ReEncode
1 index exch
definefont
FMfonts 3 1 roll
put
end
} def
/FMFILLS {
FrameDict begin dup
array /fillvals exch def
dict /patCache exch def
end
} def
/FMFILL {
FrameDict begin
fillvals 3 1 roll put
end
} def
/FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS {
newpath
0.0 0.0 moveto
1 setlinewidth
0 setlinecap
0 0 0 sethsbcolor
0 setgray
} bind def
/fx FMLOCAL
/fy FMLOCAL
/fh FMLOCAL
/fw FMLOCAL
/llx FMLOCAL
/lly FMLOCAL
/urx FMLOCAL
/ury FMLOCAL
/FMBEGINEPSF {
end
/FMEPSF save def
/showpage {} def
% See Adobe's "PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd Edition", page 714.
% "...the following operators MUST NOT be used in an EPS file:" (emphasis ours)
/banddevice {(banddevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/clear {(clear) FMBADEPSF} def
/cleardictstack {(cleardictstack) FMBADEPSF} def
/copypage {(copypage) FMBADEPSF} def
/erasepage {(erasepage) FMBADEPSF} def
/exitserver {(exitserver) FMBADEPSF} def
/framedevice {(framedevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/grestoreall {(grestoreall) FMBADEPSF} def
/initclip {(initclip) FMBADEPSF} def
/initgraphics {(initgraphics) FMBADEPSF} def
/initmatrix {(initmatrix) FMBADEPSF} def
/quit {(quit) FMBADEPSF} def
/renderbands {(renderbands) FMBADEPSF} def
/setglobal {(setglobal) FMBADEPSF} def
/setpagedevice {(setpagedevice) FMBADEPSF} def
/setshared {(setshared) FMBADEPSF} def
/startjob {(startjob) FMBADEPSF} def
/lettertray {(lettertray) FMBADEPSF} def
/letter {(letter) FMBADEPSF} def
/lettersmall {(lettersmall) FMBADEPSF} def
/11x17tray {(11x17tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/11x17 {(11x17) FMBADEPSF} def
/ledgertray {(ledgertray) FMBADEPSF} def
/ledger {(ledger) FMBADEPSF} def
/legaltray {(legaltray) FMBADEPSF} def
/legal {(legal) FMBADEPSF} def
/statementtray {(statementtray) FMBADEPSF} def
/statement {(statement) FMBADEPSF} def
/executivetray {(executivetray) FMBADEPSF} def
/executive {(executive) FMBADEPSF} def
/a3tray {(a3tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/a3 {(a3) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4tray {(a4tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4 {(a4) FMBADEPSF} def
/a4small {(a4small) FMBADEPSF} def
/b4tray {(b4tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/b4 {(b4) FMBADEPSF} def
/b5tray {(b5tray) FMBADEPSF} def
/b5 {(b5) FMBADEPSF} def
FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS
[/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall
fx fw 2 div add fy fh 2 div add translate
rotate
fw 2 div neg fh 2 div neg translate
fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale
llx neg lly neg translate
/FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def
/FMoptop count def
} bind def
/FMENDEPSF {
count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for
countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for
FMEPSF restore
FrameDict begin
} bind def
FrameDict begin
/setmanualfeed {
%%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True
statusdict /manualfeed true put
%%EndFeature
} bind def
/max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def
/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def
/inch {72 mul} def
/pagedimen {
paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch
paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and
{/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse
} bind def
/papersizedict FMLOCAL
/setpapername {
/papersizedict 14 dict def
papersizedict begin
/papername /unknown def
/Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen
/LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen
/Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen
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(David A. Nichols, Pavel Curtis,) 230.31 657.31 T
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(Xerox P) 274.53 633.31 T
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(ABSTRACT) 53.86 539.39 T
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1 (audio/video communication. Users who program can, with) 53.86 493.72 P
0.13 (only moderate ef) 53.86 482.72 P
0.13 (fort, create new kinds of shared tools using) 121.7 482.72 P
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3.7 (paper describes the low-level communications facilities) 53.86 449.72 P
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(port.) 53.86 427.72 T
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1.51 (along with our desire to support multiple client platforms) 53.86 372.72 P
0.85 (and high-latency networks, led us to a design in which the) 53.86 361.72 P
0.61 (server and clients communicate in terms of high-level wid-) 53.86 350.72 P
(gets and user events.) 53.86 339.72 T
0.09 (As in other groupware toolkits, we need a concurrency-con-) 53.86 317.72 P
0.81 (trol algorithm to maintain common values for all instances) 53.86 306.72 P
0.18 (of the shared widgets. Our algorithm is derived from a fully) 53.86 295.72 P
2.98 (distributed, optimistic algorithm developed by Ellis and) 53.86 284.72 P
1.75 (Gibbs [12]. Jupiter) 53.86 273.72 P
1.75 (\325) 133.01 273.72 P
1.75 (s centralized architecture allows us to) 135.79 273.72 P
-0.1 (substantially simplify their algorithm. This combination of a) 53.86 262.72 P
1.03 (centralized architecture and optimistic concurrency control) 53.86 251.72 P
3.67 (gives us both easy serializability of concurrent update) 53.86 240.72 P
(streams and fast response to user actions.) 53.86 229.72 T
0.75 (The algorithm relies on operation transformations to \336x up) 53.86 207.72 P
3.91 (con\337icting messages. The best transformations are not) 53.86 196.72 P
2.11 (always obvious, though, and several con\337icting concerns) 53.86 185.72 P
1.09 (are involved in choosing them. W) 53.86 174.72 P
1.09 (e present our experience) 194.06 174.72 P
2.36 (with choosing transformations for our widget set, which) 53.86 163.72 P
1.91 (includes a text editor) 317.48 538.72 P
1.91 (, a graphical drawing widget, and a) 406.42 538.72 P
(number of simpler widgets such as buttons and sliders.) 317.48 527.72 T
1 9 Q
(KEYWORDS) 317.48 506.39 T
2 10 Q
1.61 (UIMS, window toolkits, CSCW) 317.48 493.72 P
1.61 (, groupware toolkits, opti-) 449.45 493.72 P
(mistic concurrency control.) 317.48 482.72 T
1 9 Q
(1) 317.48 461.39 T
(INTRODUCTION) 328.82 461.39 T
2 10 Q
3.22 (Jupiter supports long-term collaboration by providing a) 317.48 448.72 P
0.06 (shared, persistent virtual world composed of) 317.48 437.72 P
0 F
0.06 (network places) 498.09 437.72 P
2 F
2.08 ([7]. By mirroring some of the ways people use physical) 317.48 426.72 P
(places, network places provide a context in which) 317.48 415.72 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 402.72 T
2 10 Q
0.39 (users can work individually or with other users, by mov-) 328.28 402.72 P
(ing between \050virtual\051 places,) 328.28 391.72 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 378.72 T
2 10 Q
0.32 (users can or) 328.28 378.72 P
0.32 (ganize the materials they are working on and) 376.5 378.72 P
0.72 (the resources they are using by distributing them among) 328.28 367.72 P
(the places, and) 328.28 356.72 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 343.72 T
2 10 Q
0.65 (other users, materials, and resources can be brought into) 328.28 343.72 P
0.08 (an activity at any time, immediately gaining access to the) 328.28 332.72 P
(full context of the activity) 328.28 321.72 T
(.) 431.51 321.72 T
0.9 (In addition, the Jupiter world is intended to be highly cus-) 317.48 299.72 P
-0.17 (tomizable by its users, so that they can adapt it to their needs) 317.48 288.72 P
1.89 (as readily as people adapt physical spaces. This includes) 317.48 277.72 P
4.66 (facilities for creating new places, connecting existing) 317.48 266.72 P
6 (places, moving objects among places, creating new) 317.48 255.72 P
3 (instances of generic objects, modifying the behavior of) 317.48 244.72 P
3.39 (existing objects, and creating completely new types of) 317.48 233.72 P
0.85 (generic objects. These last two capabilities involve writing) 317.48 222.72 P
0.38 (programs in Jupiter) 317.48 211.72 P
0.38 (\325) 396.38 211.72 P
0.38 (s internal interpreted programming lan-) 399.16 211.72 P
(guage.) 317.48 200.72 T
1.15 (One of the key characteristics of Jupiter is that all objects) 317.48 178.72 P
1.38 (there are) 317.48 167.72 P
0 F
1.38 (shar) 357.45 167.72 P
1.38 (ed) 374.86 167.72 P
2 F
1.38 ( and) 384.3 167.72 P
0 F
1.38 (persistent) 406.51 167.72 P
2 F
1.38 (. This applies to the places) 445.4 167.72 P
0.63 (themselves, to the documents or other materials, and to the) 317.48 156.72 P
3.04 (tools. For example, the Whiteboard is a useful generic) 317.48 145.72 P
-0.22 (object that provides a drawing surface with simple sketching) 317.48 134.72 P
0.9 (tools. As users come and go from the place containing the) 317.48 123.72 P
-0.13 (whiteboard they may open it, see its contents, and edit them;) 317.48 112.72 P
1.65 (any number of users may be simultaneously viewing and) 317.48 101.72 P
1.24 (editing it. Even if all the users leave the place, log out of) 317.48 90.72 P
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0.78 (available\051 capture, transmit, receive, and display audio and) 53.86 607.64 P
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1.63 (ing toolkit to support Jupiter) 53.86 552.64 P
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0.56 (\325) 178.66 541.64 P
0.56 (s view of the toolkit will be) 181.44 541.64 P
(described in a separate, forthcoming paper) 53.86 530.64 T
(.) 223.26 530.64 T
0.02 (Jupiter user interactions are subject to two sources of signif-) 53.86 508.64 P
0.87 (icant response latency) 53.86 497.64 P
0.87 (, which occasionally cause delays up) 143.26 497.64 P
-0.23 (to a few seconds. First, the serialization of server actions can) 53.86 486.64 P
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-0.16 (, though, some users connect to the system through high-) 68.21 464.64 P
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2.13 (e) 290.36 442.64 P
1.86 (developed the design presented here in response to these) 53.86 431.64 P
3.49 (speci\336c sources of latency) 53.86 420.64 P
3.49 (, but the solutions described) 168.92 420.64 P
1.06 (would be applicable to any situation with the potential for) 53.86 409.64 P
(unacceptable user) 53.86 398.64 T
(-event response times.) 125.02 398.64 T
1.44 (The server and client communicate in terms of high-level) 53.86 376.64 P
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2 8 Q
1.14 (1) 220.43 369.64 P
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1.42 (. Both client and) 224.43 365.64 P
1.48 (server keep track of widget state, and communicate high-) 53.86 354.64 P
2.17 (level state changes, instead of low-level user events and) 53.86 343.64 P
2.43 (graphics primitives. This high-level protocol means they) 53.86 332.64 P
0.03 (transmit less information, and less frequently) 53.86 321.64 P
0.03 (, than if a more) 233.88 321.64 P
1.23 (traditional networked window system \050such as the X win-) 53.86 310.64 P
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1 (shared between several users, we need a concurrency con-) 53.86 288.64 P
(trol algorithm to maintain consistency) 53.86 277.64 T
(.) 205.43 277.64 T
0.74 (The concurrency control algorithms use by groupware sys-) 53.86 255.64 P
1.62 (tems for sharing can be classi\336ed as being pessimistic or) 53.86 244.64 P
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0.33 (with other sites or with a central coordinator before making) 53.86 222.64 P
-0.07 (a change to data. This communication can be made apparent) 53.86 211.64 P
1.34 (to the user) 53.86 200.64 P
1.34 (, as with a \337oor control policy) 97.81 200.64 P
1.34 (, or left implicit,) 225.49 200.64 P
1.32 (where the user) 53.86 189.64 P
1.32 (\325) 115.17 189.64 P
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0.64 (the scenes. Even in the latter case, the user must wait for a) 53.86 178.64 P
(round-trip to the other sites before any change is \336nalized.) 53.86 167.64 T
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0.59 (1. W) 53.86 136.17 P
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-0.06 (s machine and displays windows on that) 150.15 126.17 P
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0.47 (s display) 86.85 116.17 P
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1.36 (it. The X window system [25] uses these words in the opposite) 53.86 96.17 P
1 (sense; \322clients\323 are applications, and the \322server\323 is the program) 53.86 86.17 P
(that displays the windows.) 53.86 76.17 T
2 10 Q
0.58 (Optimistic concurrency control, on the other hand, requires) 317.48 728.64 P
2.73 (no communication before applying changes locally) 317.48 717.64 P
2.73 (. The) 535.15 717.64 P
0.45 (party making a change applies it immediately) 317.48 706.64 P
0.45 (, then informs) 501.7 706.64 P
0.74 (the other parties of the action. If more than one participant) 317.48 695.64 P
0.24 (makes a change at the same time, a con\337ict resolution algo-) 317.48 684.64 P
1.69 (rithm creates compensating changes to move everyone to) 317.48 673.64 P
(the same \336nal state.) 317.48 662.64 T
0.35 (Optimistic algorithms are well-suited for high-latency com-) 317.48 640.64 P
1.67 (munications channels since the results of a user) 317.48 629.64 P
1.67 (\325) 519.25 629.64 P
1.67 (s actions) 522.03 629.64 P
2.24 (may be displayed without waiting for a communications) 317.48 618.64 P
0.82 (round-trip. For these reasons, we chose an optimistic algo-) 317.48 607.64 P
1.96 (rithm for Jupiter) 317.48 596.64 P
1.96 (. The client always applies user changes) 386.4 596.64 P
1.17 (\050such as moving a slider or typing new text\051 immediately) 317.48 585.64 P
1.17 (,) 555.92 585.64 P
2.28 (without waiting for a server response, thereby providing) 317.48 574.64 P
(users with immediate feedback.) 317.48 563.64 T
0.72 (Another way of classifying concurrency control algorithms) 317.48 541.64 P
0.17 (is by whether they use a central coordinator or are fully dis-) 317.48 530.64 P
0.44 (tributed. Because Jupiter already had a central server main-) 317.48 519.64 P
0.85 (taining the persistent virtual world, it was natural for us to) 317.48 508.64 P
(use a centralized architecture.) 317.48 497.64 T
-0.05 (The combination of these two choices turned out to simplify) 317.48 475.64 P
0.24 (our system design considerably) 317.48 464.64 P
0.24 (. While there are example of) 443.37 464.64 P
1.83 (both centralized and distributed groupware systems using) 317.48 453.64 P
0.39 (pessimistic concurrency control, the systems using optimis-) 317.48 442.64 P
0.25 (tic algorithms are fully distributed. A distributed, optimistic) 317.48 431.64 P
1.62 (algorithm must be prepared to handle a change from any) 317.48 420.64 P
1.4 (participant at any time. Much of the complexity for these) 317.48 409.64 P
0.43 (algorithms comes from this requirement, and getting all the) 317.48 398.64 P
(cases right is very dif) 317.48 387.64 T
(\336cult.) 402.84 387.64 T
2.24 (Instead, Jupiter uses the optimistic protocol only for the) 317.48 365.64 P
3.07 (individual server) 317.48 354.64 P
3.07 (-client links. T) 387.83 354.64 P
3.07 (o the server) 451.87 354.64 P
3.07 (, each client) 504.25 354.64 P
1.37 (appears to be operating synchronously with respect to the) 317.48 343.64 P
1.43 (server) 317.48 332.64 P
1.43 (\325) 342.28 332.64 P
1.43 (s actions. The server can thus use a simple change) 345.06 332.64 P
0.32 (propagation algorithm to keep all the clients updated and in) 317.48 321.64 P
(sync.) 317.48 310.64 T
-0.24 (In the next section, we review related work. Sections 3 and 4) 317.48 288.64 P
1.53 (describe the toolkit\325) 317.48 277.64 P
1.53 (s design in more detail. In Sections 5) 399.97 277.64 P
0.12 (and 6, we describe the two-way optimistic algorithm, which) 317.48 266.64 P
0.9 (draws from previous work, then describe how it is used to) 317.48 255.64 P
4.3 (achieve) 317.48 244.64 P
0 F
4.3 (n) 354.82 244.64 P
2 F
4.3 (-way consistency) 359.82 244.64 P
4.3 (. Section 7 discusses issues) 432.62 244.64 P
2.06 (related to choosing message transformations, a necessary) 317.48 233.64 P
(part of the optimistic algorithm we use.) 317.48 222.64 T
1 9 Q
(2) 317.48 201.31 T
(RELA) 328.82 201.31 T
(TED WORK) 352.65 201.31 T
2 10 Q
0.51 (The related work falls into two main categories, groupware) 317.48 188.64 P
1.17 (systems with their approaches to concurrency control, and) 317.48 177.64 P
4.37 (window systems that cope with low-bandwidth, high-) 317.48 166.64 P
(latency communication links.) 317.48 155.64 T
0.68 (A number of groupware systems provide either toolkits for) 317.48 133.64 P
0.39 (building shared applications, or speci\336c shared applications) 317.48 122.64 P
1.19 (such as text or drawing editors. These include CoEx [20],) 317.48 111.64 P
0.46 (DistEdit [17], GroupDesign [16], GroupKit [24], the Grove) 317.48 100.64 P
0.19 (text editor [12], LIZA [14], MMConf [5], Rendezvous [21],) 317.48 89.64 P
0.94 (Suite [1) 317.48 78.64 P
0.94 (1], and V) 349.44 78.64 P
0.94 (isual Obliq [3]. LIZA, Rendezvous, Suite) 388.2 78.64 P
FMENDPAGE
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(by the algorithm.) 53.86 585.64 T
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0.94 (shared applications. V) 53.86 530.64 P
0.94 (isual Obliq requires that the applica-) 144.29 530.64 P
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-0.04 (shared widgets. Also, V) 53.86 508.64 P
-0.04 (isual Obliq is not optimized for low-) 148.95 508.64 P
(bandwidth or high-latency communications.) 53.86 497.64 T
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2.15 (nications channels in single-user window systems. These) 53.86 464.64 P
-0.09 (systems use two basic approaches to dealing with low-band-) 53.86 453.64 P
(width: compression and code-shipping.) 53.86 442.64 T
1.19 (Compression systems include Xremote, Low-bandwidth X) 53.86 420.64 P
0.85 (\050LBX\051 [13], Higher bandwidth X \050HBX\051 [9, 10], and vari-) 53.86 409.64 P
1.85 (ous commercial programs for providing remote access to) 53.86 398.64 P
4.24 (Microsoft W) 53.86 387.64 P
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0.48 (originate from either the client or server) 317.48 430.64 P
0.48 (. Updates to simple) 479.77 430.64 P
0.4 (widgets, such as Numerics and Booleans, include the entire) 317.48 419.64 P
0.29 (widget value. For user) 317.48 408.64 P
0.29 (-originated changes, low-level mouse) 407.58 408.64 P
0.33 (and keystroke interactions are \336ltered out. For example, the) 317.48 397.64 P
-0.09 (Numeric widget does not send intermediate values while the) 317.48 386.64 P
1.23 (slider is being moved, but waits until the mouse button is) 317.48 375.64 P
(released to send the \336nal widget value.) 317.48 364.64 T
0.75 (More complex widgets, such as T) 317.48 342.64 P
0.75 (extEdits and StrokeEdits,) 455.53 342.64 P
-0.21 (use incremental state update messages. For T) 317.48 331.64 P
-0.21 (extEdits, a gen-) 496.35 331.64 P
1.62 (eral \322replace this region of text with this value\323 message) 317.48 320.64 P
-0.13 (suf) 317.48 309.64 P
-0.13 (\336ces. StrokeEdits use a more complex protocol, shown in) 329.52 309.64 P
(T) 317.48 298.64 T
(able 2.) 322.89 298.64 T
0.21 (Both client and server maintain a full copy of each widget\325) 317.48 276.64 P
0.21 (s) 554.53 276.64 P
1.16 (value. The client copy allows user changes to be re\337ected) 317.48 265.64 P
-0.25 (immediately in the window) 317.48 254.64 P
-0.25 (, before they are processed by the) 425.8 254.64 P
0.25 (server) 317.48 243.64 P
0.25 (. The server) 341.36 243.64 P
0.25 (\325) 389.72 243.64 P
0.25 (s copy is used to coordinate updates gen-) 392.5 243.64 P
0.14 (erated by the various clients sharing the widget. In addition,) 317.48 232.64 P
2.19 (the server) 317.48 221.64 P
2.19 (\325) 359.19 221.64 P
2.19 (s copy provides quick access for applications;) 361.97 221.64 P
-0.12 (they do not incur round-trip delays for fetching the values of) 317.48 210.64 P
(widgets in order to do computations.) 317.48 199.64 T
1 9 Q
(5) 317.48 178.31 T
(THE TWO-W) 328.82 178.31 T
(A) 381.32 178.31 T
(Y SYNCHRONIZA) 386.98 178.31 T
(TION PROT) 460.82 178.31 T
(OCOL) 509.66 178.31 T
2 10 Q
0.18 (As mentioned earlier) 317.48 165.64 P
0.18 (, optimistic concurrency control allows) 401.32 165.64 P
0.21 (clients to change widget values without having to wait for a) 317.48 154.64 P
0.13 (server interaction. If either the client or the server initiates a) 317.48 143.64 P
3 (change to a widget, the change is immediately applied) 317.48 132.64 P
1.47 (locally and a noti\336cation is sent to the other party) 317.48 121.64 P
1.47 (. When) 528.08 121.64 P
2.89 (messages cross on the wire, each receiver \336xes up the) 317.48 110.64 P
2.24 (incoming message so that it makes sense relative to the) 317.48 99.64 P
0.73 (receiver) 317.48 88.64 P
0.73 (\325) 350.05 88.64 P
0.73 (s current state. The algorithm we describe guaran-) 352.83 88.64 P
0.75 (tees that these \336xups will suf) 317.48 77.64 P
0.75 (\336ce, that the client and server) 436.9 77.64 P
FMENDPAGE
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612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 40.82 558.42 54.99 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(5/10) 540.64 48.33 T
2 F
1.44 (will always agree on the widget value when all messages) 53.86 220.53 P
(have been received and processed.) 53.86 209.53 T
1.55 (Unlike other groupware systems, Jupiter does not use the) 53.86 187.53 P
5.31 (synchronization protocol directly between the clients.) 53.86 176.53 P
0.45 (Instead, each client synchronizes with the server) 53.86 165.53 P
0.45 (, the server) 249.74 165.53 P
0.64 (serializes all changes and echoes changes made by one cli-) 53.86 154.53 P
1.8 (ent to all others that are sharing the widget. This lets us) 53.86 143.53 P
3.81 (achieve) 53.86 132.53 P
0 F
3.81 (n) 90.71 132.53 P
2 F
3.81 (-way synchronization by running independent) 95.71 132.53 P
2.03 (two-party synchronization protocols on each client-server) 53.86 121.53 P
(link.) 53.86 110.53 T
1.54 (Figure 3 shows an example of two messages for a single) 53.86 88.53 P
1.61 (T) 53.86 77.53 P
1.61 (extEdit widget that cross. If the messages are not trans-) 59.27 77.53 P
53.86 465.31 294.8 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 442.81 296.86 744.31 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
5 10 Q
0 X
(Server Operations) 59.86 723.64 T
2 F
(create stroke, delete stroke) 59.86 710.64 T
(change the set of graphic) 181.36 710.64 T
(items being displayed) 181.36 699.64 T
53.86 472.31 294.8 478.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 476.31 296.86 476.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
53.86 472.31 287.86 478.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 476.31 296.86 476.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
53.86 472.31 294.8 478.31 C
53.86 472.31 294.8 478.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 476.31 296.86 476.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
53.86 472.31 294.8 478.31 C
53.86 465.31 294.8 735.31 C
1 9 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(T) 68.03 481.31 T
(able 2:) 72.86 481.31 T
4 F
(Operations available on StrokeEdit widgets) 103.88 481.31 T
2 10 Q
(move stroke) 59.86 686.64 T
(move an existing stroke) 181.36 686.64 T
(set stroke attributes) 59.86 673.64 T
(change color) 181.36 673.64 T
(, etc. of an) 232.33 673.64 T
(existing stroke) 181.36 662.64 T
(set mode) 59.86 649.64 T
(set a user interaction mode,) 181.36 649.64 T
(allowing local creation or) 181.36 638.64 T
(deletion of strokes) 181.36 627.64 T
(set creation attributes) 59.86 614.64 T
(set attributes for strokes cre-) 181.36 614.64 T
(ated by the user) 181.36 603.64 T
5 F
(Client Operations) 59.86 590.64 T
2 F
(hit down, hit up) 59.86 577.64 T
(report simple mouse hits of) 181.36 577.64 T
(existing strokes) 181.36 566.64 T
(sweep down, sweep drag,) 59.86 553.64 T
(sweep up) 59.86 542.64 T
-0.28 (report strokes hit by a sweep) 181.36 553.64 P
(operation that potentially) 181.36 542.64 T
(passes through several) 181.36 531.64 T
(strokes) 181.36 520.64 T
(create stroke, delete stroke) 59.86 507.64 T
(reports user) 181.36 507.64 T
(-initiated cre-) 228.09 507.64 T
(ations and deletions) 181.36 496.64 T
53.86 732.31 296.86 732.31 2 L
V
0.5 H
0 Z
N
53.86 719.31 296.86 719.31 2 L
V
0.25 H
N
53.86 599.31 296.86 599.31 2 L
V
0.5 H
N
53.86 586.31 296.86 586.31 2 L
V
0.25 H
N
53.86 492.31 296.86 492.31 2 L
V
0.5 H
N
0 0 612 792 C
53.86 227.2 294.8 465.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
116.86 438.31 116.86 312.31 2 L
3 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
206.86 438.31 206.86 312.31 2 L
N
199.3 348.63 206.86 339.31 195.51 343.21 197.41 345.92 4 Y
V
116.86 402.31 197.41 345.92 2 L
0.5 H
N
128.2 343.21 116.86 339.31 124.41 348.63 126.31 345.92 4 Y
V
206.86 402.31 126.31 345.92 2 L
N
2 10 Q
(client) 107.86 447.31 T
(server) 197.86 447.31 T
(del 4) 89.86 404.48 T
(del 2) 214.14 404.48 T
4 9 Q
(\322ABCDE\323) 224.86 429.31 T
(\322ACDE\323) 224.86 375.31 T
(\322ACD\323) 224.86 321.31 T
(\322ABCDE\323) 71.86 429.31 T
(\322ABCE\323) 71.86 375.31 T
(\322ACE\323) 71.86 321.31 T
53.86 216.57 291.97 306.57 R
7 X
V
1 F
0 X
2.6 (Figure 3:) 68.03 300.57 P
4 F
2.6 (An example of an update con\337ict. The) 111.14 300.57 P
0.21 (client has deleted the fourth character) 68.03 290.57 P
0.21 (, \322D\323, while the) 219.15 290.57 P
2.74 (server has deleted the second one, \322B\323. Without) 68.03 280.57 P
1.67 (concurrency control, the client and server wind up) 68.03 270.57 P
2.59 (with dif) 68.03 260.57 P
2.59 (ferent \336nal values. The \336x is to have the) 98.47 260.57 P
0.42 (server transform the client\325) 68.03 250.57 P
0.42 (s message into \322del 3\323 so) 175.16 250.57 P
(that both client and server get the same result.) 68.03 240.57 T
0 0 612 792 C
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.09 (formed on receipt, the client and server wind up with dif) 317.48 479.19 P
0.09 (fer-) 543.99 479.19 P
0.79 (ent \336nal values for the widget. Since the client intended to) 317.48 468.19 P
1.51 (delete the \322D\323 in the original string, its message must be) 317.48 457.19 P
0.42 (\336xed up to read \322delete 3\323 when the server detects the con-) 317.48 446.19 P
(\337ict.) 317.48 435.19 T
-0.17 (The general tool for handling con\337icting messages is a func-) 317.48 413.19 P
-0.1 (tion,) 317.48 402.19 P
0 F
-0.1 (xform) 337.93 402.19 P
2 F
-0.1 (, that maps a pair of messages to the \336xed up ver-) 361.27 402.19 P
(sions. W) 317.48 391.19 T
(e write) 351.68 391.19 T
0 F
(xform) 322.48 378.19 T
2 F
(\050) 345.81 378.19 T
0 F
(c, s) 349.14 378.19 T
2 F
(\051) 362.47 378.19 T
0 F
( =) 365.8 378.19 T
2 F
({) 377.55 378.19 T
0 F
(c\325, s\325) 382.35 378.19 T
2 F
(}) 402.34 378.19 T
1.18 (where) 317.48 365.19 P
0 F
1.18 (c) 345.59 365.19 P
2 F
1.18 ( and) 350.03 365.19 P
0 F
1.18 (s) 371.84 365.19 P
2 F
1.18 ( are the original client and server messages.) 375.73 365.19 P
-0.24 (The messages) 317.48 354.19 P
0 F
-0.24 (c\325) 375.32 354.19 P
2 F
-0.24 ( and) 383.09 354.19 P
0 F
-0.24 (s\325) 402.04 354.19 P
2 F
-0.24 ( must have the property that if the cli-) 409.26 354.19 P
1.4 (ent applies) 317.48 343.19 P
0 F
1.4 (c) 365.83 343.19 P
2 F
1.4 ( followed by) 370.27 343.19 P
0 F
1.4 (s\325) 427.54 343.19 P
2 F
1.4 (, and the server applies) 434.76 343.19 P
0 F
1.4 (s) 536.19 343.19 P
2 F
1.4 ( fol-) 540.08 343.19 P
0.85 (lowed by) 317.48 332.19 P
0 F
0.85 (c\325) 358.61 332.19 P
2 F
0.85 (, then the client and server will wind up in the) 366.38 332.19 P
(same \336nal state.) 317.48 321.19 T
0.73 (Of course, there are many possible functions that have this) 317.48 299.19 P
1.78 (property) 317.48 288.19 P
1.78 (. For example, the function) 350.71 288.19 P
0 F
1.78 (xform) 470.44 288.19 P
2 F
1.78 (\050) 493.77 288.19 P
0 F
1.78 (c) 497.1 288.19 P
2 F
1.78 (,) 501.54 288.19 P
0 F
1.78 (s) 508.32 288.19 P
2 F
1.78 (\051 = {delete) 512.21 288.19 P
1.82 (everything, delete everything} would satisfy our ordering) 317.48 277.19 P
-0.19 (property) 317.48 266.19 P
-0.19 (, but would probably not satisfy many users! In gen-) 350.71 266.19 P
1.82 (eral, the transforms should try to \336nd some \322reasonable\323) 317.48 255.19 P
1.14 (way to combine the two operations into a \336nal ef) 317.48 244.19 P
1.14 (fect. For) 523.4 244.19 P
(our delete example, this is easy to do:) 317.48 233.19 T
0 F
(xform) 322.48 220.19 T
2 F
(\050del) 345.81 220.19 T
0 F
(x) 363.86 220.19 T
2 F
(, del) 368.3 220.19 T
0 F
(y) 388.02 220.19 T
2 F
(\051 =) 392.46 220.19 T
({del) 352.48 209.19 T
0 F
(x) 372 209.19 T
2 F
(-1, del) 376.44 209.19 T
0 F
(y) 404.49 209.19 T
2 F
(} if) 408.93 209.19 T
0 F
(x) 424.84 209.19 T
2 F
( >) 429.28 209.19 T
0 F
(y) 439.92 209.19 T
2 F
({del) 352.48 198.19 T
0 F
(x) 372 198.19 T
2 F
(, del) 376.44 198.19 T
0 F
(y) 396.16 198.19 T
2 F
(-1} if) 400.6 198.19 T
0 F
(x) 424.84 198.19 T
2 F
( <) 429.28 198.19 T
0 F
(y) 439.92 198.19 T
2 F
({no-op, no-op} if) 352.48 187.19 T
0 F
(x) 424.85 187.19 T
2 F
( =) 429.29 187.19 T
0 F
(y) 439.93 187.19 T
2 F
2.85 (That is, we modify the later index in the document to) 317.48 174.19 P
1.69 (account for the earlier deletion. Other pairs of operations) 317.48 163.19 P
0.4 (present more dif) 317.48 152.19 P
0.4 (\336culties; Section 7 talks about the issues in) 383.65 152.19 P
(designing transformations in more detail.) 317.48 141.19 T
1.57 (In describing the full protocol, it is helpful to picture the) 317.48 119.19 P
1.32 (state space that the client and server pass through as they) 317.48 108.19 P
0.14 (process messages. Figure 4 shows an example. Each state is) 317.48 97.19 P
1.31 (labelled with the number of messages from the client and) 317.48 86.19 P
0.63 (server that have been processed to that point. For example,) 317.48 75.19 P
317.48 485.86 558.42 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(0,0) 429.98 714.99 T
(1,0) 402.98 687.98 T
(1,1) 429.98 660.98 T
(1,2) 456.98 633.98 T
(0,1) 456.98 687.98 T
(0,2) 483.98 660.98 T
(0,3) 511.98 633.98 T
(1,3) 483.98 606.99 T
(2,0) 375.98 660.98 T
(3,0) 348.98 633.98 T
(2,1) 402.98 633.98 T
(3,1) 375.98 606.98 T
(2,2) 429.98 606.98 T
(3,2) 402.98 579.98 T
(2,3) 456.98 579.98 T
(3,3) 429.98 552.99 T
418.04 644.31 411.98 640.81 415.48 646.87 416.76 645.59 4 Y
V
429.98 658.81 416.76 645.59 2 L
0.5 H
2 Z
N
426.48 619.87 429.98 613.81 423.92 617.31 425.2 618.59 4 Y
V
411.98 631.81 425.2 618.59 2 L
N
J
445.04 617.31 438.98 613.81 442.48 619.87 443.76 618.59 4 Y
V
J
456.98 631.81 443.76 618.59 2 L
J
456.98 631.81 456.45 631.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
456.45 631.28 444.29 619.12 2 L
N
J
444.29 619.12 443.76 618.59 2 L
N
J
457.98 592.87 461.48 586.81 455.42 590.31 456.7 591.59 4 Y
V
J
443.48 604.81 456.7 591.59 2 L
J
443.48 604.81 444.01 604.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
444.01 604.28 456.17 592.12 2 L
N
J
456.17 592.12 456.7 591.59 2 L
N
J
426.48 673.87 429.98 667.81 423.92 671.31 425.2 672.59 4 Y
V
411.98 685.81 425.2 672.59 2 L
N
J
453.48 646.87 456.98 640.81 450.92 644.31 452.2 645.59 4 Y
V
J
438.98 658.81 452.2 645.59 2 L
J
438.98 658.81 439.51 658.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
439.51 658.28 451.67 646.12 2 L
N
J
451.67 646.12 452.2 645.59 2 L
N
J
418.04 698.31 411.98 694.81 415.48 700.87 416.76 699.59 4 Y
V
429.98 712.81 416.76 699.59 2 L
N
J
422.54 698.31 416.48 694.81 419.98 700.87 421.26 699.59 4 Y
V
J
434.48 712.81 421.26 699.59 2 L
J
434.48 712.81 433.95 712.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
433.95 712.28 421.79 700.12 2 L
N
J
421.79 700.12 421.26 699.59 2 L
N
J
430.98 673.87 434.48 667.81 428.42 671.31 429.7 672.59 4 Y
V
J
416.48 685.81 429.7 672.59 2 L
J
416.48 685.81 417.01 685.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
417.01 685.28 429.17 673.12 2 L
N
J
429.17 673.12 429.7 672.59 2 L
N
J
359.54 689.31 353.48 685.81 356.98 691.87 358.26 690.59 4 Y
V
371.48 703.81 358.26 690.59 2 L
N
453.48 592.87 456.98 586.81 450.92 590.31 452.2 591.59 4 Y
V
438.98 604.81 452.2 591.59 2 L
N
J
501.05 691.87 504.55 685.81 498.49 689.31 499.77 690.59 4 Y
V
J
486.55 703.81 499.77 690.59 2 L
J
486.55 703.81 487.08 703.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
487.08 703.28 499.24 691.12 2 L
N
J
499.24 691.12 499.77 690.59 2 L
N
J
(client) 335.48 696.99 T
(server) 500.05 696.98 T
317.48 477.36 558.42 544.86 R
7 X
V
1 9 Q
0 X
3.5 (Figure 4:) 331.65 538.86 P
4 F
3.5 (The state space the client and server) 375.66 538.86 P
1.75 (traverse while processing messages. Each node is) 331.65 528.86 P
5.22 (labelled with the number of client and server) 331.65 518.86 P
1.86 (messages processed when in that state. A con\337ict) 331.65 508.86 P
(has occurred starting from the state 1,1.) 331.65 498.86 T
0 0 612 792 C
FMENDPAGE
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7 FrameSetSepColors
FrameNoSep
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 40.82 558.42 54.99 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(6/10) 540.64 48.33 T
2 F
1.24 (if the client is in the state \0502,3\051, it has generated and pro-) 53.86 386.64 P
0.68 (cessed two messages of its own, and has received and pro-) 53.86 375.64 P
(cessed three from the server) 53.86 364.64 T
(.) 165.49 364.64 T
1.47 (As each message is processed, the client or server moves) 53.86 342.64 P
-0.1 (down though the state space. If they process messages in the) 53.86 331.64 P
1.49 (same order \050that is, there are no con\337icts\051, then they will) 53.86 320.64 P
0.45 (take the same path. If there is a con\337ict, then the paths will) 53.86 309.64 P
2.2 (diver) 53.86 298.64 P
2.2 (ge, as shown in the diagram. The client and server) 74.23 298.64 P
0.35 (moved to the state \0501,1\051 together by \336rst processing a client) 53.86 287.64 P
0.01 (message, and then a server message. At that point, the client) 53.86 276.64 P
2.87 (and server processed dif) 53.86 265.64 P
2.87 (ferent messages, moving to the) 159.19 265.64 P
0.76 (states \0502,1\051 and \0501,2\051, respectively) 53.86 254.64 P
0.76 (. They each received and) 192.07 254.64 P
1.19 (processed the other) 53.86 243.64 P
1.19 (\325) 133.8 243.64 P
1.19 (s message using the) 136.58 243.64 P
0 F
1.19 (xform) 222.99 243.64 P
2 F
1.19 ( function to) 246.32 243.64 P
0.33 (move to state \0502,2\051. Then the server generated another mes-) 53.86 232.64 P
(sage, sending it and the client to \0502,3\051.) 53.86 221.64 T
0.82 (The protocol labels each message with the state the sender) 53.86 199.64 P
0.67 (was in just before the message was generated. The concur-) 53.86 188.64 P
0.22 (rency-control algorithm uses these labels to detect con\337icts,) 53.86 177.64 P
0.05 (and the) 53.86 166.64 P
0 F
0.05 (xform) 85.61 166.64 P
2 F
0.05 ( function to resolve them. The algorithm guar-) 108.94 166.64 P
0.65 (antees that, no matter how far the client and server diver) 53.86 155.64 P
0.65 (ge) 285.36 155.64 P
0.52 (in state space, when they do reach the same state, they will) 53.86 144.64 P
(have identical values for all their widgets.) 53.86 133.64 T
1.43 (The) 53.86 111.64 P
0 F
1.43 (xform) 73.34 111.64 P
2 F
1.43 ( function takes a pair of client and server mes-) 96.67 111.64 P
0.94 (sages that were generated from the same starting state and) 53.86 100.64 P
3.36 (returns transformed messages that allow the client and) 53.86 89.64 P
-0.22 (server to reach the same \336nal state. As long as the server and) 53.86 78.64 P
53.86 393.31 294.8 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(0,0) 166.36 714.99 T
(1,0) 139.36 687.98 T
(1,1) 166.36 660.98 T
(1,2) 193.36 633.98 T
(0,1) 193.36 687.98 T
(0,2) 220.36 660.98 T
(2,0) 112.36 660.98 T
(2,1) 139.36 633.98 T
(2,2) 166.36 606.98 T
162.86 673.87 166.36 667.81 160.3 671.31 161.58 672.59 4 Y
V
148.36 685.81 161.58 672.59 2 L
0.5 H
2 Z
N
J
221.36 673.87 224.86 667.81 218.8 671.31 220.08 672.59 4 Y
V
J
206.86 685.81 220.08 672.59 2 L
J
206.86 685.81 207.39 685.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
207.39 685.28 219.55 673.12 2 L
N
J
219.55 673.12 220.08 672.59 2 L
N
J
154.42 698.31 148.36 694.81 151.86 700.87 153.14 699.59 4 Y
V
166.36 712.81 153.14 699.59 2 L
N
J
194.36 700.87 197.86 694.81 191.8 698.31 193.08 699.59 4 Y
V
J
179.86 712.81 193.08 699.59 2 L
J
179.86 712.81 180.39 712.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
180.39 712.28 192.55 700.12 2 L
N
J
192.55 700.12 193.08 699.59 2 L
N
J
95.92 689.31 89.86 685.81 93.36 691.87 94.64 690.59 4 Y
V
107.86 703.81 94.64 690.59 2 L
N
J
237.43 691.87 240.93 685.81 234.87 689.31 236.15 690.59 4 Y
V
J
222.93 703.81 236.15 690.59 2 L
J
222.93 703.81 223.46 703.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
223.46 703.28 235.62 691.12 2 L
N
J
235.62 691.12 236.15 690.59 2 L
N
J
(client) 71.86 696.99 T
(server) 236.43 696.98 T
53.86 370.17 294.8 437.67 R
7 X
V
1 9 Q
0 X
1.07 (Figure 5:) 68.03 431.67 P
4 F
1.07 (In this example, the server generates two) 109.61 431.67 P
2.5 (messages, s1 and s2, that con\337ict with the client) 68.03 421.67 P
1.56 (message c. In order to process s2, the client must) 68.03 411.67 P
(compute c\325, even though it will never execute it.) 68.03 401.67 T
2 10 Q
(c) 152.92 705.98 T
(s2) 211.36 683.48 T
(s1) 188.97 705.98 T
(s1\325) 157.36 678.98 T
(0,0) 166.36 557.49 T
(1,0) 139.36 530.48 T
(1,1) 166.36 503.48 T
(1,2) 193.36 476.48 T
(0,1) 193.36 530.48 T
(0,2) 220.36 503.48 T
(2,0) 112.36 503.48 T
(2,1) 139.36 476.48 T
(2,2) 166.36 449.48 T
162.86 516.37 166.36 510.31 160.3 513.81 161.58 515.09 4 Y
V
148.36 528.31 161.58 515.09 2 L
N
J
221.36 516.37 224.86 510.31 218.8 513.81 220.08 515.09 4 Y
V
J
206.86 528.31 220.08 515.09 2 L
J
206.86 528.31 207.39 527.78 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
207.39 527.78 219.55 515.62 2 L
N
J
219.55 515.62 220.08 515.09 2 L
N
J
154.42 540.81 148.36 537.31 151.86 543.37 153.14 542.09 4 Y
V
166.36 555.31 153.14 542.09 2 L
N
181.42 513.81 175.36 510.31 178.86 516.37 180.14 515.09 4 Y
3 X
V
193.36 528.31 180.14 515.09 2 L
1 H
N
J
194.36 543.37 197.86 537.31 191.8 540.81 193.08 542.09 4 Y
0 X
V
J
179.86 555.31 193.08 542.09 2 L
J
179.86 555.31 180.39 554.78 2 L
0.5 H
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
180.39 554.78 192.55 542.62 2 L
N
J
192.55 542.62 193.08 542.09 2 L
N
J
95.92 531.81 89.86 528.31 93.36 534.37 94.64 533.09 4 Y
V
107.86 546.31 94.64 533.09 2 L
N
J
237.43 534.37 240.93 528.31 234.87 531.81 236.15 533.09 4 Y
V
J
222.93 546.31 236.15 533.09 2 L
J
222.93 546.31 223.46 545.78 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
223.46 545.78 235.62 533.62 2 L
N
J
235.62 533.62 236.15 533.09 2 L
N
J
(client) 71.86 539.49 T
(server) 236.43 539.48 T
(c) 152.92 548.48 T
(s2) 211.36 525.98 T
(s1) 188.97 548.48 T
(s1\325) 157.36 521.48 T
(c\325) 188.86 519.31 T
189.86 489.37 193.36 483.31 187.3 486.81 188.58 488.09 4 Y
V
175.36 501.31 188.58 488.09 2 L
N
(s2\325) 184.36 494.49 T
2 12 Q
(\050a\051) 85.54 616.41 T
(\050b\051) 85.36 457.12 T
98.86 582.31 251.86 582.31 2 L
N
0 0 612 792 C
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0.46 (client diver) 317.48 391.32 P
0.46 (ge by only one step, we can use the) 363.03 391.32 P
0 F
0.46 (xform) 511.03 391.32 P
2 F
0.46 ( func-) 534.36 391.32 P
0.85 (tion directly) 317.48 380.32 P
0.85 (. If they diver) 366.29 380.32 P
0.85 (ge further) 423.08 380.32 P
0.85 (, however) 462.68 380.32 P
0.85 (, the situation) 502.56 380.32 P
0.35 (is more complex. Consider Figure5a. In this case, the client) 317.48 369.32 P
0.08 (has executed) 317.48 358.32 P
0 F
0.08 (c) 371.51 358.32 P
2 F
0.08 ( and receives the con\337icting message) 375.95 358.32 P
0 F
0.08 (s1) 527.51 358.32 P
2 F
0.08 ( from) 536.4 358.32 P
-0.17 (the server) 317.48 347.32 P
-0.17 (. It uses the) 355.9 347.32 P
0 F
-0.17 (xform) 403.26 347.32 P
2 F
-0.17 ( function to compute) 426.59 347.32 P
0 F
-0.17 (s1\325) 511.45 347.32 P
2 F
-0.17 ( to get to) 523.66 347.32 P
1.01 (the state \0501,1\051. The server then generates message) 317.48 336.32 P
0 F
1.01 (s2) 526.59 336.32 P
2 F
1.01 ( from) 535.48 336.32 P
2.23 (the state \0500,1\051, indicating that it still hasn\325) 317.48 325.32 P
2.23 (t processed) 499.82 325.32 P
0 F
2.23 (c) 551.48 325.32 P
2 F
2.23 (.) 555.92 325.32 P
0.2 (What should the client do? It can\325) 317.48 314.32 P
0.2 (t use) 454.04 314.32 P
0 F
0.2 (xform) 475.55 314.32 P
2 F
0.2 (\050) 498.88 314.32 P
0 F
0.2 (c) 502.21 314.32 P
2 F
0.2 (,) 506.65 314.32 P
0 F
0.2 (s2) 511.85 314.32 P
2 F
0.2 (\051 because) 520.74 314.32 P
0 F
-0.21 (c) 317.48 303.32 P
2 F
-0.21 ( and) 321.92 303.32 P
0 F
-0.21 (s2) 340.93 303.32 P
2 F
-0.21 ( were not generated from the same starting state. For) 349.82 303.32 P
0.08 (example, if) 317.48 292.32 P
0 F
0.08 (c) 365.14 292.32 P
2 F
0.08 ( is \322del 4,\323) 369.58 292.32 P
0 F
0.08 (s1) 415.18 292.32 P
2 F
0.08 ( is \322del 1,\323 and) 424.08 292.32 P
0 F
0.08 (s2) 486.71 292.32 P
2 F
0.08 ( is \322del 3,\323 then) 495.6 292.32 P
0.99 (the correct transform for) 317.48 281.32 P
0 F
0.99 (s2) 421.95 281.32 P
2 F
0.99 ( is \322no-op,\323 but) 430.84 281.32 P
0 F
0.99 (xform) 498.96 281.32 P
2 F
0.99 (\050) 522.29 281.32 P
0 F
0.99 (c) 525.62 281.32 P
2 F
0.99 (,) 530.06 281.32 P
0 F
0.99 (s2) 536.04 281.32 P
2 F
0.99 (\051 is) 544.93 281.32 P
(\322del 3.\323) 317.48 270.32 T
0.23 (The solution is depicted in Figure 5b. When the client com-) 317.48 248.32 P
0.04 (putes) 317.48 237.32 P
0 F
0.04 (s1\325) 341.13 237.32 P
2 F
0.04 (, it must also remember) 353.35 237.32 P
0 F
0.04 (c\325) 450.23 237.32 P
2 F
0.04 (, the other returned value) 458 237.32 P
0.3 (from) 317.48 226.32 P
0 F
0.3 (xform) 339.72 226.32 P
2 F
0.3 (. This represents a hypothetical message that the) 363.05 226.32 P
0.68 (client could have generated to move from the state \0500,1\051 to) 317.48 215.32 P
(\0501,1\051. When) 317.48 204.32 T
0 F
(s2) 368.02 204.32 T
2 F
( arrives, the client can use) 376.91 204.32 T
0 F
(c\325) 483.27 204.32 T
2 F
( to compute) 491.04 204.32 T
0 F
(xform) 322.48 191.32 T
2 F
(\050) 345.81 191.32 T
0 F
(c\325) 349.14 191.32 T
2 F
(,) 356.91 191.32 T
0 F
(s2) 361.91 191.32 T
2 F
(\051 = {) 370.8 191.32 T
0 F
(c\325) 389.57 191.32 T
(\325) 396.23 191.32 T
2 F
(,) 399.56 191.32 T
0 F
(s2\325) 404.56 191.32 T
2 F
(}) 416.78 191.32 T
0.18 (It executes) 317.48 178.32 P
0 F
0.18 (s2\325) 363.39 178.32 P
2 F
0.18 ( to get to the state \0501,2\051. If the server has pro-) 375.61 178.32 P
1.23 (cessed the client\325) 317.48 167.32 P
1.23 (s message, it will be in the state \0501,2\051 as) 388.25 167.32 P
-0.19 (well. If not, its next message will originate from \0500,3\051, so the) 317.48 156.32 P
(client saves) 317.48 145.32 T
0 F
(c\325) 366.36 145.32 T
(\325) 373.02 145.32 T
2 F
( just in case.) 376.35 145.32 T
0.82 (W) 317.48 123.32 P
0.82 (e are now ready to examine the full algorithm, shown in) 326.12 123.32 P
1.28 (Figure 6. W) 317.48 112.32 P
1.28 (e describe it from the client\325) 367.29 112.32 P
1.28 (s perspective, but) 486.16 112.32 P
1.28 (the server) 317.48 101.32 P
1.28 (\325) 358.28 101.32 P
1.28 (s actions are identical. The algorithm maintains) 361.06 101.32 P
0.4 (the invariant shown in Figure 7. The server was last known) 317.48 90.32 P
0.01 (to be in the state \050) 317.48 79.32 P
0 F
0.01 (x) 388.91 79.32 P
2 F
0.01 (,) 393.35 79.32 P
0 F
0.01 (y) 398.36 79.32 P
2 F
0.01 (\051. Since then, the client has sent) 402.8 79.32 P
0 F
0.01 (k) 532.03 79.32 P
2 F
0.01 ( mes-) 536.47 79.32 P
317.48 397.99 558.42 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
317.48 301.61 558.42 733.61 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
1 8 Q
0 X
(int myMsgs = 0; /* number of messages generated */) 331.65 728.28 T
(int otherMsgs = 0; /* number of messages received */) 331.65 717.28 T
(queue outgoing = {};) 331.65 706.28 T
(Generate\050op\051 {) 331.65 684.28 T
(apply op locally;) 340.55 673.28 T
(send\050op, myMsgs, otherMsgs\051;) 340.55 662.27 T
(add \050op, myMsgs\051 to outgoing;) 340.55 651.27 T
(myMsgs = myMsgs + 1;) 340.55 640.27 T
(}) 331.65 629.27 T
(Receive\050msg\051 {) 331.65 607.27 T
(/* Discard acknowledged messages. */) 340.55 596.27 T
(for m in \050outgoing\051 {) 340.55 585.27 T
(if \050m.myMsgs < msg.otherMsgs\051) 349.44 574.27 T
(remove m from outgoing) 358.34 563.27 T
(}) 340.55 552.27 T
(/* ASSERT msg.myMsgs == otherMsgs. */) 340.55 541.27 T
(for i in [1..length\050outgoing\051] {) 340.55 530.27 T
(/* T) 349.44 519.27 T
(ransform new message and the ones in) 361.45 519.27 T
( the queue. */) 356.12 508.27 T
({msg, outgoing[i]} = xform\050msg, outgoing[i]\051;) 349.44 497.27 T
(}) 340.55 486.27 T
(apply msg.op locally;) 340.55 475.27 T
(otherMsgs = otherMsgs + 1;) 340.55 464.27 T
(}) 331.65 453.27 T
1 9 Q
0.56 (Figure 6:) 331.65 433.61 P
4 F
0.56 (The algorithm used by client and server to) 372.73 433.61 P
1.92 (deal with con\337icting messages. The pair \050myMsgs,) 331.65 423.61 P
(otherMsgs\051 corresponds to the state from Figure 4.) 331.65 413.61 T
0 0 612 792 C
FMENDPAGE
%%EndPage: "6" 6
%%Page: "7" 7
612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
[0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0]
[ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0]
[ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
[ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0]
7 FrameSetSepColors
FrameNoSep
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 40.82 558.42 54.99 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(7/10) 540.64 48.33 T
2 F
1.4 (sages, leaving it in the state \050) 53.86 465.02 P
0 F
1.4 (x) 178.06 465.02 P
2 F
1.4 (+) 182.5 465.02 P
0 F
1.4 (k) 188.14 465.02 P
2 F
1.4 (,) 192.58 465.02 P
0 F
1.4 (y) 198.98 465.02 P
2 F
1.4 (\051. These messages are) 203.42 465.02 P
0.13 (kept in the) 53.86 454.02 P
0 F
0.13 (outgoing) 98.97 454.02 P
2 F
0.13 ( queue. In the code,) 134.53 454.02 P
0 F
0.13 (myMsgs) 216.01 454.02 P
2 F
0.13 (is) 251.41 454.02 P
0 F
0.13 (x) 260.71 454.02 P
2 F
0.13 (+) 265.15 454.02 P
0 F
0.13 (k) 270.79 454.02 P
2 F
0.13 (, and) 275.23 454.02 P
0 F
(otherMsgs) 53.86 443.02 T
2 F
(is) 98.58 443.02 T
0 F
(y) 107.75 443.02 T
2 F
(.) 111.54 443.02 T
0.33 (Sending a message while maintaining this invariant is easy:) 53.86 421.02 P
0.03 (just apply the operation locally to move to \050) 53.86 410.02 P
0 F
0.03 (x) 229.05 410.02 P
2 F
0.03 (+) 233.49 410.02 P
0 F
0.03 (k) 239.13 410.02 P
2 F
0.03 (+1,) 243.57 410.02 P
0 F
0.03 (y) 259.24 410.02 P
2 F
0.03 (\051, trans-) 263.68 410.02 P
0.23 (mit it to the server) 53.86 399.02 P
0.23 (, and then append the message to the out-) 127.71 399.02 P
(going message queue.) 53.86 388.02 T
0.54 (For reception, we know that the next incoming server mes-) 53.86 366.02 P
-0.16 (sage must originate from one of the states between \050) 53.86 355.02 P
0 F
-0.16 (x) 260.98 355.02 P
2 F
-0.16 (,) 265.42 355.02 P
0 F
-0.16 ( y) 267.92 355.02 P
2 F
-0.16 (\051 and) 274.69 355.02 P
1.86 (\050) 53.86 344.02 P
0 F
1.86 (x) 57.19 344.02 P
2 F
1.86 (+) 61.63 344.02 P
0 F
1.86 (k) 67.27 344.02 P
2 F
1.86 (,) 71.71 344.02 P
0 F
1.86 (y) 78.57 344.02 P
2 F
1.86 (\051 inclusive; that is, the server will have processed) 83.01 344.02 P
0.78 (some arbitrary number of those) 53.86 333.02 P
0 F
0.78 (k) 185.8 333.02 P
2 F
0.78 ( client messages. Assume) 190.24 333.02 P
1.13 (that it comes from state \050) 53.86 322.02 P
0 F
1.13 (x) 159.24 322.02 P
2 F
1.13 (+) 163.68 322.02 P
0 F
1.13 (i) 169.32 322.02 P
2 F
1.13 (,) 172.1 322.02 P
0 F
1.13 (y) 178.24 322.02 P
2 F
1.13 (\051, taking the server to \050) 182.68 322.02 P
0 F
1.13 (x) 279.44 322.02 P
2 F
1.13 (+) 283.88 322.02 P
0 F
1.13 (i) 289.52 322.02 P
2 F
1.13 (,) 292.3 322.02 P
0 F
0.23 (y) 53.86 311.02 P
2 F
0.23 (+1\051. First, discard the saved messages that take us from \050) 58.3 311.02 P
0 F
0.23 (x) 287.86 311.02 P
2 F
0.23 (,) 292.3 311.02 P
0 F
1.24 (y) 53.86 300.02 P
2 F
1.24 (\051 to \050) 58.3 300.02 P
0 F
1.24 (x) 80.21 300.02 P
2 F
1.24 (+) 84.65 300.02 P
0 F
1.24 (i) 90.29 300.02 P
2 F
1.24 (,) 93.07 300.02 P
0 F
1.24 (y) 99.3 300.02 P
2 F
1.24 (\051, as they are no longer needed. Next, run the) 103.74 300.02 P
1.13 (incoming message through the transformer with respect to) 53.86 289.02 P
0.65 (each of the saved messages. The \336nal result will be a mes-) 53.86 278.02 P
1.68 (sage that takes us from \050) 53.86 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (x) 159.76 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (+) 164.2 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (k) 169.84 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (,) 174.28 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (y) 180.97 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (\051 to \050) 185.41 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (x) 208.22 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (+) 212.66 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (k) 218.3 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (,) 222.74 267.02 P
0 F
1.68 (y) 229.42 267.02 P
2 F
1.68 (+1\051, which we) 233.86 267.02 P
1.38 (apply locally) 53.86 256.02 P
1.38 (. While doing this, save the transformed ver-) 106.53 256.02 P
0.57 (sion of each saved message. When we are done, we have a) 53.86 245.02 P
2.55 (sequence of saved messages that takes us from the last) 53.86 234.02 P
1.75 (known server state, \050) 53.86 223.02 P
0 F
1.75 (x) 142.42 223.02 P
2 F
1.75 (+) 146.86 223.02 P
0 F
1.75 (i) 152.5 223.02 P
2 F
1.75 (,) 155.28 223.02 P
0 F
1.75 (y) 162.03 223.02 P
2 F
1.75 (+1\051, to our current state, \050) 166.47 223.02 P
0 F
1.75 (x) 277.78 223.02 P
2 F
1.75 (+) 282.22 223.02 P
0 F
1.75 (k) 287.86 223.02 P
2 F
1.75 (,) 292.3 223.02 P
0 F
0.59 (y) 53.86 212.02 P
2 F
0.59 (+1\051. W) 58.3 212.02 P
0.59 (e have thus restored the invariant and are ready for) 86.5 212.02 P
(the next incoming message.) 53.86 201.02 T
1 9 Q
(Some \336ne points) 53.86 179.69 T
2 10 Q
3.26 (In our system, messages must be saved until they are) 53.86 168.02 P
0.31 (acknowledged by the other party) 53.86 157.02 P
0.31 (, since they may be needed) 185.52 157.02 P
3.12 (in order to \336x up incoming messages. Normally) 53.86 146.02 P
3.12 (, these) 266.13 146.02 P
3.07 (acknowledgments are piggy-backed on traf) 53.86 135.02 P
3.07 (\336c going the) 238.67 135.02 P
-0.13 (other way) 53.86 124.02 P
-0.13 (. However) 92.79 124.02 P
-0.13 (, it is possible for the traf) 133.91 124.02 P
-0.13 (\336c to a window) 233.24 124.02 P
-0.15 (to be one-sided \050e.g., for a status display window being peri-) 53.86 113.02 P
2.11 (odically updated\051. Therefore, each side must periodically) 53.86 102.02 P
0.35 (generate explicit acknowledgments \050i.e. no-op messages\051 to) 53.86 91.02 P
(prevent the outgoing queues from growing forever) 53.86 80.02 T
(.) 255.49 80.02 T
53.86 471.69 294.8 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
140.92 671.31 134.86 667.81 138.36 673.87 139.64 672.59 4 Y
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
152.86 685.81 139.64 672.59 2 L
0.5 H
2 Z
N
167.92 698.31 161.86 694.81 165.36 700.87 166.64 699.59 4 Y
V
179.86 712.81 166.64 699.59 2 L
N
J
149.36 646.87 152.86 640.81 146.79 644.31 148.08 645.59 4 Y
V
J
134.86 658.81 148.08 645.59 2 L
J
134.86 658.81 135.39 658.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
135.39 658.28 147.55 646.12 2 L
N
J
147.55 646.12 148.08 645.59 2 L
N
J
109.42 689.31 103.36 685.81 106.86 691.87 108.14 690.59 4 Y
V
121.36 703.81 108.14 690.59 2 L
N
J
250.93 691.87 254.43 685.81 248.37 689.31 249.65 690.59 4 Y
V
J
236.43 703.81 249.65 690.59 2 L
J
236.43 703.81 236.96 703.28 2 L
N
[1.563 4.689] 1.563 I
236.96 703.28 249.12 691.12 2 L
N
J
249.12 691.12 249.65 690.59 2 L
N
J
2 10 Q
(client) 85.36 696.99 T
(server) 249.93 696.98 T
53.86 471.69 294.8 546.31 R
7 X
V
1 9 Q
0 X
-0.21 (Figure 7:) 68.03 540.31 P
4 F
-0.21 (Whenever our algorithm is not processing a) 108.33 540.31 P
0.86 (message, the situation shown above holds \050as seen) 68.03 530.31 P
0.27 (by the client\051. The server was last known to be in the) 68.03 520.31 P
1.67 (state \050) 68.03 510.31 P
6 F
1.67 (x) 94.72 510.31 P
4 F
1.67 (,) 99.22 510.31 P
6 F
1.67 (y) 105.89 510.31 P
4 F
1.67 (\051. W) 110.39 510.31 P
1.67 (e are in the state \050) 128.4 510.31 P
6 F
1.67 (x) 209.32 510.31 P
4 F
1.67 (+) 213.82 510.31 P
6 F
1.67 (k) 219.07 510.31 P
4 F
1.67 (,) 223.57 510.31 P
6 F
1.67 (y) 230.25 510.31 P
4 F
1.67 (\051 and have) 234.75 510.31 P
0.78 (saved all the messages necessary to get from \050) 68.03 500.31 P
6 F
0.78 (x) 262.85 500.31 P
4 F
0.78 (,) 267.35 500.31 P
6 F
0.78 (y) 273.13 500.31 P
4 F
0.78 (\051) 277.63 500.31 P
0.91 (to \050) 68.03 490.31 P
6 F
0.91 (x) 81.94 490.31 P
4 F
0.91 (+) 86.44 490.31 P
6 F
0.91 (k) 91.7 490.31 P
4 F
0.91 (,) 96.2 490.31 P
6 F
0.91 (y) 102.11 490.31 P
4 F
0.91 (\051. The next server message must originate) 106.61 490.31 P
(from some state along this path.) 68.03 480.31 T
86.92 617.31 80.86 613.81 84.36 619.87 85.64 618.59 4 Y
V
98.86 631.81 85.64 618.59 2 L
N
113.92 644.31 107.86 640.81 111.36 646.87 112.64 645.59 4 Y
V
125.86 658.81 112.64 645.59 2 L
N
0 10 Q
(x,y) 179.86 714.87 T
(x+i,y) 121.36 660.87 T
(x+k,y) 71.86 606.87 T
(x+i,y+) 143.86 633.87 T
1 8 Q
(1) 171.52 633.87 T
157.36 685.81 161.86 690.31 R
V
7 X
N
211.36 685.81 215.86 690.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
103.36 631.81 107.86 636.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
184.36 658.81 188.86 663.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
130.36 604.81 134.86 609.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
238.36 658.81 242.86 663.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
211.36 631.81 215.86 636.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
184.36 604.81 188.86 609.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
157.36 577.81 161.86 582.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
130.36 550.81 134.86 555.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
103.36 577.81 107.86 582.31 R
0 X
V
7 X
N
0 0 612 792 C
2 10 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
2.08 (An important consideration is the interaction of message) 317.48 482.03 P
1.25 (numbering with locking. The toolkit requires that applica-) 317.48 471.03 P
0.43 (tions hold a per) 317.48 460.03 P
0.43 (-window lock whenever they are examining) 380.5 460.03 P
1.66 (or changing widget values for that window) 317.48 449.03 P
1.66 (. If a message) 498.45 449.03 P
1.62 (arrives from a client while this lock is held, the message) 317.48 438.03 P
(cannot be processed until the lock is released.) 317.48 427.03 T
0.68 (However) 317.48 405.03 P
0.68 (, messages must not be acknowledged before they) 353.73 405.03 P
1.09 (are processed. Figure 8 illustrates this problem. The client) 317.48 394.03 P
1.29 (sends a message to window B, which has been locked by) 317.48 383.03 P
-0.01 (application code in the server) 317.48 372.03 P
-0.01 (. As a result, processing of that) 434.63 372.03 P
1.24 (message is deferred until the lock is released. Meanwhile,) 317.48 361.03 P
-0.21 (the client sends a message to the unlocked window A, which) 317.48 350.03 P
2.42 (generates a reply that acknowledges both of the client\325) 317.48 339.03 P
2.42 (s) 554.53 339.03 P
0.19 (messages. While the window is locked, the application gen-) 317.48 328.03 P
0.09 (erates a message for B, which also claims to have been gen-) 317.48 317.03 P
0.31 (erated after both client messages. However) 317.48 306.03 P
0.31 (, the client\325) 490.81 306.03 P
0.31 (s \336rst) 536.16 306.03 P
1.2 (message actually hasn\325) 317.48 295.03 P
1.2 (t been processed yet. The sequence) 411.9 295.03 P
0.88 (numbers will fool both client and server into assuming the) 317.48 284.03 P
(messages don\325) 317.48 273.03 T
(t con\337ict when in fact they do.) 375.9 273.03 T
0.63 (This example shows that locks af) 317.48 251.03 P
0.63 (fecting any message must) 453.49 251.03 P
-0.08 (delay processing of all messages with higher sequence num-) 317.48 240.03 P
0.04 (bers. T) 317.48 229.03 P
0.04 (o avoid unnecessary delays, message counters should) 344.59 229.03 P
0.42 (be maintained at a granularity at least as \336ne as the locking) 317.48 218.03 P
0.43 (granularity the applications use. Our system happens to use) 317.48 207.03 P
1.18 (window locking, so our counters are maintained on a per) 317.48 196.03 P
1.18 (-) 555.09 196.03 P
0.18 (window basis. W) 317.48 185.03 P
0.18 (e could have used per) 386.2 185.03 P
0.18 (-widget counters, but) 473.36 185.03 P
1.13 (that would have reduced the opportunity for piggy-backed) 317.48 174.03 P
(acknowledgments.) 317.48 163.03 T
1 9 Q
(Comparison to dOPT) 317.48 141.7 T
2 10 Q
-0.02 (Our concurrency algorithm is similar to the dOPT algorithm) 317.48 130.03 P
0.17 (used in Grove. Our) 317.48 119.03 P
0 F
0.17 (xform) 397.32 119.03 P
2 F
0.17 ( function corresponds to the trans-) 420.65 119.03 P
1.12 (formation matrix) 317.48 108.03 P
5 F
1.12 (T) 390.27 108.03 P
2 F
1.12 ( in their system. In addition to the two) 396.94 108.03 P
0.38 (operations being transformed,) 317.48 97.03 P
5 F
0.38 (T) 440.81 97.03 P
2 F
0.38 ( also requires two priorities) 447.48 97.03 P
-0.04 (for tie-breaking. This is because) 317.48 86.03 P
5 F
-0.04 (T) 448.36 86.03 P
2 F
-0.04 ( might be applied to oper-) 455.03 86.03 P
1.96 (ations for any two sites in the system. Because) 317.48 75.03 P
0 F
1.96 (xform) 523.97 75.03 P
2 F
1.96 ( is) 547.3 75.03 P
317.48 488.69 558.42 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
317.48 489.9 558.42 556.73 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
1 9 Q
0 X
0.5 (Figure 8:) 331.65 550.73 P
4 F
0.5 (Sequence numbers must be assigned at a) 372.66 550.73 P
0.5 (grain at least as \336ne as the locking granularity of the) 331.65 540.73 P
0 (toolkit. Otherwise, an incoming message waiting for a) 331.65 530.73 P
8.92 (lock on one window might be incorrectly) 331.65 520.73 P
0.44 (acknowledged by the reply to a message for another) 331.65 510.73 P
(window) 331.65 500.73 T
(.) 361.16 500.73 T
371.69 685.06 371.69 568.06 2 L
3 H
2 Z
N
479.69 685.06 479.69 568.06 2 L
N
511.19 685.06 511.19 568.06 2 L
N
371.69 667.06 497.69 653.56 2 L
0.5 H
N
497.69 653.56 497.69 581.56 2 L
N
505.35 580.92 511.19 577.06 504.2 577.48 504.78 579.2 4 Y
V
497.69 581.56 504.78 579.2 2 L
N
378.64 576.21 371.69 577.06 378.14 579.79 378.39 578 4 Y
V
511.19 596.56 378.39 578 2 L
N
473.19 638.17 479.69 635.57 472.76 634.57 472.98 636.37 4 Y
V
371.69 648.56 472.98 636.37 2 L
N
378.62 604.07 371.69 605.07 378.19 607.67 378.4 605.87 4 Y
V
479.69 618.06 378.4 605.87 2 L
N
506.69 667.06 506.69 586.06 2 L
4 H
3 X
N
2 10 Q
0 X
(lock) 515.69 667.06 T
(A) 476.97 691.73 T
(B) 506.69 691.73 T
(server) 482.97 720.47 T
(client) 360.46 700.63 T
(B\0500,0\051) 417.86 664.73 T
(A\0501,0\051) 417.31 646.73 T
(A\0502,0\051) 417.31 615.24 T
(B\0502,1\051) 417.86 588.24 T
(window) 462.05 706.3 T
(window) 498.9 706.3 T
0 0 612 792 C
FMENDPAGE
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7 FrameSetSepColors
FrameNoSep
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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53.86 40.82 558.42 54.99 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(8/10) 540.64 48.33 T
2 F
-0.15 (always applied to operations between a client and the server) 53.86 618.09 P
-0.15 (,) 292.3 618.09 P
1.54 (it can have the tie-breaking rules built-in, simplifying the) 53.86 607.09 P
(speci\336cation of the transformations.) 53.86 596.09 T
0.14 (The dOPT algorithm also has code for saving messages that) 53.86 574.09 P
1.13 (arrived out of order from a site, then applying them when) 53.86 563.09 P
1.83 (earlier messages had been processed. Because we do not) 53.86 552.09 P
2.66 (multicast updates, we can assume a transport layer that) 53.86 541.09 P
0.47 (delivers messages in order) 53.86 530.09 P
0.47 (, such as TCP) 160.68 530.09 P
0.47 (, and omit the reor-) 215.99 530.09 P
(dering code.) 53.86 519.09 T
2.86 (Finally) 53.86 497.09 P
2.86 (, Jupiter) 81.55 497.09 P
2.86 (\325) 117 497.09 P
2.86 (s algorithm \336xes a problem with dOPT) 119.78 497.09 P
2.86 (.) 292.3 497.09 P
0.06 (When sites diver) 53.86 486.09 P
0.06 (ge by more than one step in the state space,) 121 486.09 P
0.66 (dOPT does not transform saved messages when processing) 53.86 475.09 P
3.87 (incoming messages \050the situation shown in Figure 5\051.) 53.86 464.09 P
2.55 (Unfortunately) 53.86 453.09 P
2.55 (, simply transforming saved messages does) 109.31 453.09 P
1.63 (not work for the) 53.86 442.09 P
0 F
1.63 (n) 127.58 442.09 P
2 F
1.63 (-way case, since the next message can) 132.58 442.09 P
1.32 (come from a third site that is in an inconvenient message) 53.86 431.09 P
1.73 (state. Since we handle) 53.86 420.09 P
0 F
1.73 (n) 152.14 420.09 P
2 F
1.73 (-way consistency dif) 157.14 420.09 P
1.73 (ferently) 243.17 420.09 P
1.73 (, this) 273.62 420.09 P
(problem does not arise in our algorithm.) 53.86 409.09 T
1 9 Q
(6) 53.86 387.76 T
(GLOBAL CONSISTENCY) 65.2 387.76 T
2 10 Q
0.54 (The algorithm described in the previous section allows two) 53.86 375.09 P
1.54 (parties to maintain synchronized widget state. By using a) 53.86 364.09 P
0 (central coordinator) 53.86 353.09 P
0 (, it is easy to extend it to synchronize any) 129.27 353.09 P
2.22 (number of parties sharing a widget. T) 53.86 342.09 P
2.22 (o do this, the line) 216.74 342.09 P
-0.08 (\322apply msg.op locally\323 from Figure 6 is implemented on the) 53.86 331.09 P
1.15 (server as shown in Figure 9. As a message arrives from a) 53.86 320.09 P
2.09 (client, it is sent to all the other clients as well as being) 53.86 309.09 P
(applied to the local copy of widget value.) 53.86 298.09 T
-0.17 (Essentially) 53.86 276.09 P
-0.17 (, the optimistic algorithm hides the asynchrony of) 97.1 276.09 P
1.43 (the clients from the server) 53.86 265.09 P
1.43 (. The pair) 163.46 265.09 P
1.43 (-wise optimistic algo-) 204.72 265.09 P
0.21 (rithm makes each client appear to the server to be operating) 53.86 254.09 P
2.11 (completely synchronously; whenever a client generates a) 53.86 243.09 P
1.65 (change, it appears that the client has processed all server) 53.86 232.09 P
0.26 (messages sent so far) 53.86 221.09 P
0.26 (. If all the clients are synchronous, then) 135.47 221.09 P
1.62 (the simple algorithm of echoing changes from one to the) 53.86 210.09 P
(others works.) 53.86 199.09 T
0.82 (It may be easier to think in terms of the two-party guaran-) 53.86 177.09 P
0.52 (tees. As long as the server sends to a client every change it) 53.86 166.09 P
1.16 (applies that the client did not generate, then the two-party) 53.86 155.09 P
2.42 (algorithm guarantees the client and server will have the) 53.86 144.09 P
0.41 (same value for the widgets at quiescence. Since each of the) 53.86 133.09 P
1.09 (clients\325 values is equal to the server) 53.86 122.09 P
1.09 (\325) 203.51 122.09 P
1.09 (s value, they must be) 206.29 122.09 P
(equal to each other as well.) 53.86 111.09 T
53.86 624.76 294.8 735.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
53.86 548.22 291.97 732.47 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
V
1 8 Q
0 X
(/* apply \322msg\323 received from \322client\323 */) 68.03 727.14 T
(apply msg.op to local copy of widget;) 68.03 716.14 T
(for \050c in client list for this window\051 {) 68.03 705.14 T
(if \050c != client\051) 76.93 694.14 T
(Send\050c, msg\051;) 85.82 683.14 T
(}) 68.03 672.14 T
1 9 Q
3.96 (Figure 9:) 68.03 652.47 P
4 F
3.96 (The algorithm used by the server to) 112.5 652.47 P
3.54 (maintain consistency between clients. This code) 68.03 642.47 P
(replaces the line \322apply msg.op locally\323 in Figure 6.) 68.03 632.47 T
0 0 612 792 C
1 9 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(7) 317.48 729.31 T
(CHOOSING TRANSFORMA) 328.82 729.31 T
(TION FUNCTIONS) 443.65 729.31 T
2 10 Q
0.32 (An important part of using the optimistic protocol is choos-) 317.48 716.64 P
3.55 (ing transformations for the pairs of widget operations.) 317.48 705.64 P
0.97 (While the transformation to use is obvious for some pairs,) 317.48 694.64 P
1.21 (con\337icting requirements in the system make other choices) 317.48 683.64 P
1.79 (more dif) 317.48 672.64 P
1.79 (\336cult. This section discusses these concerns, and) 353.25 672.64 P
(how we balanced them in Jupiter) 317.48 661.64 T
(.) 448.85 661.64 T
1.34 (At \336rst, the combinatorics of the problem can seem over-) 317.48 639.64 P
-0.19 (whelming. Jupiter supports 19 client and 24 server messages) 317.48 628.64 P
2.36 (that directly operate on individual widgets, yielding 456) 317.48 617.64 P
-0.22 (potential pairs to consider) 317.48 606.64 P
-0.22 (. Fortunately) 419.88 606.64 P
-0.22 (, most of these combi-) 470.13 606.64 P
-0.14 (nations are uninteresting. Messages can only be in con\337ict if) 317.48 595.64 P
0.46 (they are trying to update the same widget, so any messages) 317.48 584.64 P
(from dif) 317.48 573.64 T
(ferent widget types need not be transformed.) 350.35 573.64 T
0.06 (The messages for window creation and deletion could cause) 317.48 551.64 P
2.52 (con\337icts if window ids were reused, since one message) 317.48 540.64 P
1.19 (might refer to an old instance of a window) 317.48 529.64 P
1.19 (, while another) 496.33 529.64 P
0.57 (referred to a new instance with the same id. If the server is) 317.48 518.64 P
1.84 (careful to avoid reusing window ids, we can avoid these) 317.48 507.64 P
-0.02 (problems, and need only consider widget-speci\336c messages.) 317.48 496.64 P
0.85 (By considering only con\337icts within a widget type, we are) 317.48 474.64 P
0.01 (left with 65 cases. Of these, 42 are from the StrokeEdit wid-) 317.48 463.64 P
-0.01 (get, where a number of client messages report user selection) 317.48 452.64 P
0.17 (of strokes. These messages are similar enough to be consid-) 317.48 441.64 P
0.79 (ered at once, reducing the number of cases for StrokeEdits) 317.48 430.64 P
(to 18 and for all of Jupiter to 41.) 317.48 419.64 T
0.09 (T) 317.48 397.64 P
0.09 (o give a \337avor for how the transformations work, we show) 322.89 397.64 P
-0.1 (a few examples. T) 317.48 386.64 P
-0.1 (able 3 shows some of the client and server) 389.8 386.64 P
0.99 (operations for several widgets, and T) 317.48 375.64 P
0.99 (able 2 from earlier in) 470.04 375.64 P
(the paper gives the list for the StrokeEdit widget.) 317.48 364.64 T
1.76 (Simple widgets, like Numeric sliders and Booleans, have) 317.48 246.64 P
0.22 (small values that are always sent in their entirety) 317.48 235.64 P
0.22 (. For these,) 513.55 235.64 P
0.18 (we designate one of server or client to be the \322winner) 317.48 224.64 P
0.18 (,\323 giv-) 532.7 224.64 P
(ing) 317.48 213.64 T
0 F
(xform) 322.48 200.64 T
2 F
(\050SetV) 345.81 200.64 T
(alue\050v1\051, SetV) 368.03 200.64 T
(alue\050v2\051\051) 425.24 200.64 T
(= {no-op, SetV) 437.48 189.64 T
(alue\050v2\051}) 497.64 189.64 T
(The \322losing\323 message is simply discarded.) 317.48 176.64 T
2.59 (For T) 317.48 154.64 P
2.59 (extLists, transformations for SetV) 341.87 154.64 P
2.59 (alue vs. Replace-) 484.64 154.64 P
-0.01 (Items and Activate vs. ReplaceItems discard the user action.) 317.48 143.64 P
0.93 (Each of these client messages is returning the index in the) 317.48 132.64 P
2.53 (list of text of the currently selected item. However) 317.48 121.64 P
2.53 (, the) 538.67 121.64 P
2.17 (application has changed this list, and most likely cannot) 317.48 110.64 P
0.88 (make sense of this obsolete index. In this case, we believe) 317.48 99.64 P
0.01 (that the user will usually be able to identify the problem and) 317.48 88.64 P
(recover; the application is less likely to be that smart.) 317.48 77.64 T
5 F
(W) 323.48 346.64 T
(idget) 333.3 346.64 T
(Client messages) 381.48 346.64 T
(Server messages) 475.18 346.64 T
2 F
(Numeric) 323.48 333.64 T
(SetV) 381.48 333.64 T
(alue) 400.37 333.64 T
(SetV) 475.18 333.64 T
(alue) 494.08 333.64 T
(T) 323.48 320.64 T
(extList) 328.89 320.64 T
(SetV) 381.48 320.64 T
(alue) 400.37 320.64 T
(SetV) 475.18 320.64 T
(alue) 494.08 320.64 T
(Activate) 381.48 307.64 T
(ReplaceItems) 475.18 307.64 T
(T) 323.48 294.64 T
(extEdit) 328.89 294.64 T
(Replace) 381.48 294.64 T
(Replace) 475.18 294.64 T
1 9 Q
5.04 (T) 331.65 279.31 P
5.04 (able 3:) 336.48 279.31 P
4 F
5.04 (Messages de\336ned for selected Jupiter) 372.54 279.31 P
317.48 260.31 558.42 266.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
317.48 264.31 560.48 264.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
317.48 260.31 551.48 266.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
317.48 264.31 560.48 264.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
317.48 260.31 558.42 266.31 C
317.48 260.31 558.42 266.31 C
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
317.48 264.31 560.48 264.31 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
N
317.48 260.31 558.42 266.31 C
0 0 612 792 C
4 9 Q
0 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
(widgets.) 331.65 269.31 T
317.48 355.31 558.42 355.31 2 L
V
0.5 H
0 Z
N
317.48 342.31 558.42 342.31 2 L
V
0.25 H
N
317.48 329.31 558.42 329.31 2 L
V
N
317.48 303.31 558.42 303.31 2 L
V
N
317.48 290.31 558.42 290.31 2 L
V
0.5 H
N
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53.86 40.82 558.42 54.99 R
7 X
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K
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0 10 Q
0 X
(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(9/10) 540.64 48.33 T
2 F
0.22 (The Replace operation for T) 53.86 728.64 P
0.22 (extEdits deletes a region of text) 167.34 728.64 P
1.13 (and inserts a string to replace it. For Replace vs. Replace,) 53.86 717.64 P
4.22 (the transformation produces a \336nal state that \050a\051 has) 53.86 706.64 P
1.72 (removed all the text requested by either Replace, \050b\051 has) 53.86 695.64 P
1.53 (inserted the text requested by each, sorted by the starting) 53.86 684.64 P
2.36 (points of the delete regions. W) 53.86 673.64 P
2.36 (e arbitrarily chose to put) 187.61 673.64 P
(server text \336rst if both try to insert at the same spot.) 53.86 662.64 T
1.85 (One interesting subcase occurs when one Replace inserts) 53.86 640.64 P
-0.2 (text into the middle of the region of text being deleted by the) 53.86 629.64 P
0.05 (other) 53.86 618.64 P
0.05 (. W) 73.86 618.64 P
0.05 (e choose to insert the text anyway) 87.54 618.64 P
0.05 (, since we want to) 222.69 618.64 P
0.41 (preserve the user) 53.86 607.64 P
0.41 (\325) 122.79 607.64 P
0.41 (s input if possible. This is true even if the) 125.57 607.64 P
0.38 (inserted text is coming from the server) 53.86 596.64 P
0.38 (, since it may be text) 210.14 596.64 P
(another user typed that is being echoed to this window) 53.86 585.64 T
(.) 271.24 585.64 T
0.28 (However) 53.86 563.64 P
0.28 (, the transformed Replace in this case has to delete) 90.11 563.64 P
0.63 (two regions, the one before the inserted text, and one after) 53.86 552.64 P
0.63 (.) 292.3 552.64 P
-0.17 (There is no \322delete disjoint regions\323 operation for T) 53.86 541.64 P
-0.17 (ext) 259.52 541.64 P
-0.17 (Edits,) 271.74 541.64 P
-0.04 (so we split the operation into two messages, with the second) 53.86 530.64 P
0.92 (one implicitly generated from a fractional state number) 53.86 519.64 P
0.92 (. In) 280.55 519.64 P
0.69 (general, one has to be careful that a transformation doesn\325) 53.86 508.64 P
0.69 (t) 292.02 508.64 P
0.49 (produce new operations not in the original set de\336ned for a) 53.86 497.64 P
1.43 (widget. This was the only time we had this problem, and) 53.86 486.64 P
(message splitting let us \336nesse the problem.) 53.86 475.64 T
0.34 (The StrokeEdit widget\325) 53.86 453.64 P
0.34 (s input modes cause particular prob-) 147.86 453.64 P
0.88 (lems in choosing transformations. For example, two of the) 53.86 442.64 P
1.49 (modes a StrokeEdit can be placed in allow users to draw) 53.86 431.64 P
0.17 (new lines \050\322line mode\323\051 and to click with the mouse to gen-) 53.86 420.64 P
0.98 (erate reports about which strokes were hit \050\322hit mode\323\051. If) 53.86 409.64 P
0.88 (an application switches a StrokeEdit from line mode to hit) 53.86 398.64 P
1.66 (mode, then it ar) 53.86 387.64 P
1.66 (guably doesn\325) 121.43 387.64 P
1.66 (t expect to receive noti\336ca-) 179.29 387.64 P
-0.06 (tions of new lines created by the user) 53.86 376.64 P
-0.06 (. On the other hand, we) 201.49 376.64 P
0.49 (don\325) 53.86 365.64 P
0.49 (t want to discard the user) 72.01 365.64 P
0.49 (\325) 175.08 365.64 P
0.49 (s ef) 177.86 365.64 P
0.49 (fort, either) 192.33 365.64 P
0.49 (. Currently) 234.48 365.64 P
0.49 (, we) 277.65 365.64 P
1.06 (keep the strokes, but this decision comes under discussion) 53.86 354.64 P
(from time to time.) 53.86 343.64 T
(T) 53.86 321.64 T
(o summarize, the guidelines we tried to follow were:) 59.27 321.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 308.64 T
2 10 Q
-0.01 (The set of operations should be closed under the transfor-) 64.66 308.64 P
(mation rules.) 64.66 297.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 284.64 T
2 10 Q
(T) 64.66 284.64 T
(ry not to discard user input.) 70.42 284.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 53.86 271.64 T
2 10 Q
(T) 64.66 271.64 T
(ry to avoid confusing application code.) 70.42 271.64 T
-0.16 (While we could not always satisfy all these at once, we were) 53.86 258.64 P
2.55 (generally happy with the compromises we were able to) 53.86 247.64 P
(reach.) 53.86 236.64 T
1 9 Q
(8) 53.86 215.31 T
(CONCLUSIONS) 65.2 215.31 T
2 10 Q
1.55 (The Jupiter window toolkit is client-platform independent) 53.86 202.64 P
2.32 (and provides fast response to low-level user interactions) 53.86 191.64 P
4.76 (even over low-bandwidth, high-latency communication) 53.86 180.64 P
0.9 (channels. It achieves these goals through the use of a high) 53.86 169.64 P
0.88 (level of abstraction on the wire: Jupiter clients and servers) 53.86 158.64 P
0.26 (communicate solely in terms of high-level widgets and user) 53.86 147.64 P
(events.) 53.86 136.64 T
0.28 (T) 53.86 114.64 P
0.28 (o solve the distributed-state synchronization problems that) 59.27 114.64 P
0.15 (this design entails, Jupiter uses an optimistic algorithm with) 53.86 103.64 P
-0.08 (widget-type-speci\336c transformations to recover from server/) 53.86 92.64 P
0.09 (client con\337icts. Jupiter) 53.86 81.64 P
0.09 (\325) 145.23 81.64 P
0.09 (s combination of a centralized archi-) 148.01 81.64 P
3.12 (tecture and optimistic concurrency control gives us the) 317.48 728.64 P
0.02 (advantages of both: easy serializability of concurrent update) 317.48 717.64 P
(streams and fast interactive response.) 317.48 706.64 T
-0.15 (Our concurrency-control algorithm is a variant of one devel-) 317.48 684.64 P
-0.11 (oped by Ellis and Gibbs for their Grove text editor) 317.48 673.64 P
-0.11 (. Our con-) 517.83 673.64 P
(tributions include) 317.48 662.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 649.64 T
2 10 Q
2.52 (signi\336cant simpli\336cation and improvement due to our) 328.28 649.64 P
-0.2 (added assumption of an ordered, reliable communications) 328.28 638.64 P
(channel between exactly two participants,) 328.28 627.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 614.64 T
2 10 Q
0.42 (a mechanism for doing full) 328.28 614.64 P
0 F
0.42 (n) 441.21 614.64 P
2 F
0.42 (-way sharing of widget val-) 446.21 614.64 P
(ues using the pair) 328.28 603.64 T
(-wise algorithm, and) 398.35 603.64 T
3 11 Q
(\245) 317.48 590.64 T
2 10 Q
0.67 (a discussion of some of the issues involved in designing) 328.28 590.64 P
0.86 (the associated transformation functions for pairs of con-) 328.28 579.64 P
(\337icting messages.) 328.28 568.64 T
1 9 Q
(9) 317.48 547.31 T
(ACKNOWLEDGMENTS) 328.82 547.31 T
2 10 Q
0.54 (In addition to the authors, Ron Frederick and Bob Krivacic) 317.48 534.64 P
-0.08 (have helped with the implementation of Jupiter) 317.48 523.64 P
-0.08 (. Early use of) 505.33 523.64 P
0.2 (the toolkit by Berry Kercheval gave us valuable insight into) 317.48 512.64 P
-0.13 (its design. W) 317.48 501.64 P
-0.13 (e are also grateful to Doug T) 368.92 501.64 P
-0.13 (erry and Ron Fred-) 482.43 501.64 P
-0.02 (erick for reading early drafts of this paper) 317.48 490.64 P
-0.02 (, and to Lisa Alfke) 483.81 490.64 P
(for tracking down many papers for us on short notice.) 317.48 479.64 T
1 9 Q
(REFERENCES) 317.48 458.31 T
2 10 Q
([1]) 317.48 445.64 T
5.02 (Gideon A) 339.08 445.64 P
5.02 (vrahami, Kenneth P) 382.52 445.64 P
5.02 (. Brooks, Marc H.) 471.16 445.64 P
2.44 (Brown, \322A two-view approach to constructing user) 339.08 434.64 P
2.27 (interfaces,\323) 339.08 423.64 P
0 F
2.27 (Computer Graphics) 389.65 423.64 P
2 F
2.27 (, 23\0503\051, \050July 1989\051,) 471.64 423.64 P
(pp. 137-146) 339.08 412.64 T
([2]) 317.48 395.64 T
0.31 (Joel Bartlett, \322Don\325) 339.08 395.64 P
0.31 (t \336dget with widgets, draw!\323) 418.11 395.64 P
0 F
0.31 (Pr) 536.85 395.64 P
0.31 (oc.) 546.48 395.64 P
0.13 (6th Annual X T) 339.08 384.64 P
0.13 (echnical Confer) 399.38 384.64 P
0.13 (ence) 463.3 384.64 P
2 F
0.13 (, Jan 1992, pp 1) 481.62 384.64 P
0.13 (17-) 545.09 384.64 P
(131) 339.08 373.64 T
([3]) 317.48 356.64 T
5.27 (Krishna Bharat and Marc H. Brown, \322Building) 339.08 356.64 P
7.83 (Distributed, Multi-User Applications by Direct) 339.08 345.64 P
-0.04 (Manipulation\323) 339.08 334.64 P
0 F
-0.04 (Pr) 399.86 334.64 P
-0.04 (oceedings of the ACM Symposium on) 409.49 334.64 P
1.36 (User Interface and Softwar) 339.08 323.64 P
1.36 (e T) 451.95 323.64 P
1.36 (echnology) 464.89 323.64 P
2 F
1.36 ( \050UIST \32594\051,) 505.99 323.64 P
(1994, pp 71-81) 339.08 312.64 T
([4]) 317.48 295.64 T
2.45 (Marc H. Brown and James R. Meehan,) 339.08 295.64 P
0 F
2.45 (FormsVBT) 514.53 295.64 P
7.74 (Refer) 339.08 284.64 P
7.74 (ence manual) 360.37 284.64 P
2 F
7.74 (, available as part of) 418.92 284.64 P
4 9 Q
7.74 (ftp://) 540.91 284.64 P
(gatekeeper) 339.08 273.64 T
(.dec.com/pub/DEC/Modula-3/contrib/) 383.61 273.64 T
(formsvbt.25Mar93.ps.Z) 339.08 262.64 T
2 10 Q
([5]) 317.48 245.64 T
2 (T) 339.08 245.64 P
2 (errence Crowley) 344.49 245.64 P
2 (, Paul Milazzo, Ellie Baker) 412.2 245.64 P
2 (, Harry) 528.11 245.64 P
3.29 (Forsdick, and Raymond T) 339.08 234.64 P
3.29 (omlinson, \322MMConf: an) 452.68 234.64 P
9.7 (infrastructure for building shared multimedia) 339.08 223.64 P
1.86 (applications\323) 339.08 212.64 P
0 F
1.86 (Pr) 396.21 212.64 P
1.86 (oc. of the Confer) 405.84 212.64 P
1.86 (ence on Computer) 478.26 212.64 P
1.86 (-) 555.09 212.64 P
0.46 (Supported Cooperative W) 339.08 201.64 P
0.46 (ork) 442.97 201.64 P
2 F
0.46 ( \050CSCW \32590\051, Oct. 1990,) 456.3 201.64 P
(pp 329-342) 339.08 190.64 T
([6]) 317.48 173.64 T
3.36 (Pavel Curtis,) 339.08 173.64 P
0 F
3.36 (LambdaMOO Pr) 399.96 173.64 P
3.36 (ogrammer) 471 173.64 P
3.36 (\325) 513.03 173.64 P
3.36 (s Manual) 515.07 173.64 P
2 F
3.36 (,) 555.92 173.64 P
17.18 (available as) 339.08 162.64 P
4 9 Q
17.19 (ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/MOO/) 422.87 162.64 P
(ProgrammersManual.ps) 339.08 151.64 T
2 10 Q
([7]) 317.48 134.64 T
0.13 (Pavel Curtis and David A. Nichols, \322MUDs Grow Up:) 339.08 134.64 P
0.08 (Social V) 339.08 123.64 P
0.08 (irtual Reality in the Real W) 373.28 123.64 P
0.08 (orld,\323) 483.17 123.64 P
0 F
0.08 (Pr) 508.8 123.64 P
0.08 (oceedings) 518.43 123.64 P
0.04 (of the 1994 IEEE Computer Confer) 339.08 112.64 P
0.04 (ence) 480.86 112.64 P
2 F
0.04 (, pp. 193--200,) 499.18 112.64 P
14.48 (January 1994. Also available as) 339.08 101.64 P
4 9 Q
14.49 (ftp://) 540.91 101.64 P
(ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/MOO/papers/) 339.08 90.64 T
(MUDsGrowUp.ps) 339.08 79.64 T
2 10 Q
(.) 409.08 79.64 T
FMENDPAGE
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(Pr) 53.86 48.33 T
(oceedings of UIST \32495) 63.49 48.33 T
(10/10) 535.64 48.33 T
2 F
([8]) 53.86 728.64 T
3.83 (Pavel Curtis, Michael Dixon, Ron Frederick, and) 75.46 728.64 P
8.05 (David A. Nichols, \322The Jupiter Audio/V) 75.46 717.64 P
8.05 (ideo) 277.58 717.64 P
0.99 (Architecture: Secure Multimedia in Network Places,\323) 75.46 706.64 P
(to appear in) 75.46 695.64 T
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(ACM Multimedia \32595) 125.17 695.64 T
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(.) 210.72 695.64 T
([9]) 53.86 678.64 T
7.76 (John Danskin, \322Previewing PostScript over a) 75.46 678.64 P
0.62 (telephone in 3 seconds per page,\323) 75.46 667.64 P
0 F
0.62 (Pr) 216.09 667.64 P
0.62 (oc. 9th Annual X) 225.72 667.64 P
(T) 75.46 656.64 T
(echnical Confer) 80.1 656.64 T
(ence) 143.89 656.64 T
2 F
(, Jan 1995, pp 23-40) 162.21 656.64 T
([10]) 53.86 639.64 T
2.78 (John Danskin, \322Higher bandwidth X,\323) 75.46 639.64 P
0 F
2.78 (Pr) 245.18 639.64 P
2.78 (oceedings) 254.81 639.64 P
(ACM Multimedia \32594) 75.46 628.64 T
2 F
(, Oct. 1994, pp 89-96) 161.01 628.64 T
([1) 53.86 611.64 T
(1]) 61.82 611.64 T
1.53 (Prasun Dewan and Rajiv Choudhary) 75.46 611.64 P
1.53 (, \322Primitives for) 227.02 611.64 P
2.65 (programming multi-user interfaces,\323) 75.46 600.64 P
0 F
2.65 (Pr) 232.26 600.64 P
2.65 (oceedings of) 241.89 600.64 P
1.03 (the ACM Symposium on User Interface and Softwar) 75.46 589.64 P
1.03 (e) 290.36 589.64 P
(T) 75.46 578.64 T
(echnology) 80.1 578.64 T
2 F
( \050UIST \32591\051, 1991, pp 69-78) 121.2 578.64 T
([12]) 53.86 561.64 T
1.35 (C. A. Ellis and S. J. Gibbs, \322Concurrency control in) 75.46 561.64 P
4.89 (groupware systems,\323) 75.46 550.64 P
0 F
4.89 (Pr) 171.62 550.64 P
4.89 (oc. 1989 ACM SIGMOD) 181.25 550.64 P
0.19 (International Confer) 75.46 539.64 P
0.19 (ence on the Management of Data) 158.34 539.64 P
2 F
0.19 (,) 292.3 539.64 P
(June 1989, pp 399-407) 75.46 528.64 T
([13]) 53.86 511.64 T
1.7 (Jim Fulton and Chris Kent Kantarjiev) 75.46 511.64 P
1.7 (, \322A report on) 234.15 511.64 P
4.21 (Low Bandwidth X \050LBX\051\323,) 75.46 500.64 P
0 F
4.21 (Pr) 205.33 500.64 P
4.21 (oc. 7th Annual X) 214.96 500.64 P
(T) 75.46 489.64 T
(echnical Confer) 80.1 489.64 T
(ence) 143.89 489.64 T
2 F
(, Jan. 1993, p 251) 162.21 489.64 T
([14]) 53.86 472.64 T
0.35 (S. J. Gibbs, \322LIZA: An extensible groupware toolkit\323,) 75.46 472.64 P
0 F
0.93 (CHI \32589 Confer) 75.46 461.64 P
0.93 (ence Pr) 140.28 461.64 P
0.93 (oceedings) 171.65 461.64 P
2 F
0.93 (, April 1989, pp 29-) 211.65 461.64 P
(35) 75.46 450.64 T
([15]) 53.86 433.64 T
-0.05 (James Gosling, David S. H. Rosenthal, and Michelle J.) 75.46 433.64 P
(Arden,) 75.46 422.64 T
0 F
(The NeWS Book) 105.45 422.64 T
2 F
(, Springer) 170.44 422.64 T
(-V) 209.68 422.64 T
(erlag, 1989.) 219.12 422.64 T
([16]) 53.86 405.64 T
3.21 (Alain Karsenty and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, \322An) 75.46 405.64 P
4.5 (algorithm for distributed groupware applications,\323) 75.46 394.64 P
0 F
6.08 (Pr) 75.46 383.64 P
6.08 (oc. of the 13th International Confer) 85.09 383.64 P
6.08 (ence on) 257.9 383.64 P
1.15 (Distributed Computing Systems) 75.46 372.64 P
2 F
1.15 ( \050ICDCS\051, May 1993,) 204.42 372.64 P
(pp. 195-202) 75.46 361.64 T
([17]) 53.86 344.64 T
3.48 (Michael Knister and Atul Prakash, \322Issues in the) 75.46 344.64 P
3.68 (design of a toolkit for supporting multiple group) 75.46 333.64 P
4.32 (editors,\323) 339.08 728.64 P
0 F
4.32 (Computing Systems) 380.06 728.64 P
2 F
4.32 ( 6\0502\051, \050Spring 1993\051,) 462.98 728.64 P
(pp.) 339.08 717.64 T
(135-166) 354.08 717.64 T
([18]) 317.48 700.64 T
0.95 (John K. Ousterhout,) 339.08 700.64 P
0 F
0.95 (T) 424.97 700.64 P
0.95 (cl and the Tk T) 429.61 700.64 P
0.95 (oolkit) 492.48 700.64 P
2 F
0.95 (, Addison-) 515.26 700.64 P
(W) 339.08 689.64 T
(esley) 347.72 689.64 T
(, 1994.) 367.62 689.64 T
([19]) 317.48 672.64 T
2.58 (Keith Packard, \322Designing LBX,\323) 339.08 672.64 P
0 F
2.58 (Pr) 488.83 672.64 P
2.58 (oc. of the 8th) 498.46 672.64 P
-0.22 (Annual X T) 339.08 661.64 P
-0.22 (echnical Confer) 383.27 661.64 P
-0.22 (ence) 446.84 661.64 P
2 F
-0.22 (, Jan. 1994, pp 121-133) 465.16 661.64 P
([20]) 317.48 644.64 T
0.62 (Dorab Patel and Scott D. Kalter) 339.08 644.64 P
0.62 (, \322A UNIX toolkit for) 469 644.64 P
3.68 (distributed synchronous collaborative applications,\323) 339.08 633.64 P
0 F
(Computing Systems) 339.08 622.64 T
2 F
( 6\0502\051, \050Spring 1993\051, pp 105-133) 417.69 622.64 T
([21]) 317.48 605.64 T
-0.01 (John F) 339.08 605.64 P
-0.01 (. Patterson, Ralph D. Hill, and Steven L. Rohall,) 365.21 605.64 P
1.49 (\322Rendezvous: an architecture for synchronous multi-) 339.08 594.64 P
5.85 (user applications,\323) 339.08 583.64 P
0 F
5.85 (Pr) 427.71 583.64 P
5.85 (oc. of the Confer) 437.34 583.64 P
5.85 (ence on) 521.75 583.64 P
1.02 (Computer) 339.08 572.64 P
1.02 (-Supported Cooperative W) 378.88 572.64 P
1.02 (ork) 487.22 572.64 P
2 F
1.02 ( \050CSCW \32590\051,) 500.55 572.64 P
(Oct. 1990, pp 317-328) 339.08 561.64 T
([22]) 317.48 544.64 T
0.11 (Rob Pike, \322The Blit: a multiplexed graphics terminal,\323) 339.08 544.64 P
0 F
1.16 (A) 339.08 533.64 P
1.16 (T&T Bell Labs T) 344.82 533.64 P
1.16 (ech. Journal) 414.89 533.64 P
2 F
1.16 (, 63\0508\051 \050Oct 1984\051, pp) 466.04 533.64 P
(1607-1631) 339.08 522.64 T
([23]) 317.48 505.64 T
1.83 (Rob Pike, \322The text editor Sam,\323) 339.08 505.64 P
0 F
1.83 (Softwar) 485.03 505.64 P
1.83 (e Practice) 515.78 505.64 P
(and Experience) 339.08 494.64 T
2 F
( 17\0501) 401.56 494.64 T
(1\051 \050Nov 1987\051, pp 813-45.) 422.02 494.64 T
([24]) 317.48 477.64 T
2.66 (Mark Roseman and Saul Greenber) 339.08 477.64 P
2.66 (g, \322GroupKit: A) 487.83 477.64 P
0.93 (groupware toolkit for building real-time conferencing) 339.08 466.64 P
1.44 (applications,\323) 339.08 455.64 P
0 F
1.44 (Pr) 398.29 455.64 P
1.44 (oc. of the Confer) 407.92 455.64 P
1.44 (ence on Computer) 479.09 455.64 P
1.44 (-) 555.09 455.64 P
0.11 (Supported Cooperative W) 339.08 444.64 P
0.11 (ork) 442.26 444.64 P
2 F
0.11 ( \050CSCW \32592\051, Nov) 455.59 444.64 P
0.11 (. 1992,) 530.82 444.64 P
(pp 43-50) 339.08 433.64 T
([25]) 317.48 416.64 T
3.65 (Robert. W) 339.08 416.64 P
3.65 (. Schei\337er and James Gettys; with Jim) 383.47 416.64 P
1.1 (Flowers and David Rosenthal,) 339.08 405.64 P
0 F
1.1 (X W) 467.08 405.64 P
1.1 (indow system: the) 484.57 405.64 P
4.66 (complete r) 339.08 394.64 P
4.66 (efer) 385.86 394.64 P
4.66 (ence to Xlib, X pr) 401.04 394.64 P
4.66 (otocol, ICCCM,) 489.59 394.64 P
(XLFD) 339.08 383.64 T
2 F
(, Digital Press, 1992) 364.08 383.64 T
([26]) 317.48 366.64 T
0.35 (Sun Microsystems,) 339.08 366.64 P
0 F
0.35 (Hot Java Home Page) 418.95 366.64 P
2 F
0.35 (, available as) 505.8 366.64 P
4 9 Q
(http://java.sun.com) 339.08 355.64 T
2 10 Q
(.) 414.62 355.64 T
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